AlPater Posted December 31, 2016 Author Report Share Posted December 31, 2016 [The below paper is pf-availed.] Case Studies in Physiology: Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Performance in a Centenarian Cyclist. Billat VL, Dhonneur G, Mille-Hamard L, Le Moyec L, Momken I, Launay T, Koralsztein JP, Besse S. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Dec 29:jap.00569.2016. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2016. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28035015 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological characteristics of an elite centenarian cyclist who, at 101 years old, established the one-hour cycling record for individuals ≥ 100 years old (24.25 km) and to determine the physiological factors associated with his performance improvement two years later at 103 years old (26.92 km; +11%). Before each record, he performed an incremental test on a cycling ergometer. For two years, he trained 5,000 km a year with a polarized training that involved cycling 80% of mileage at "light" RPE ≤ 12 and 20% at "hard" RPE ≥ 15 at a cadence between 50 and 70 rpm. RESULTS: his bodyweight and lean body mass did not change, while his ⩒O2max increased (31 to 35 ml.kg-1min-1; +13%). Peak power output increased from 90 to 125 W (+39 %), mainly due to increasing the maximal pedaling frequency (69 to 90 rpm; +30%). Maximal heart rate did not change (134 to 137 bpm) in contrast to the maximal ventilation (57 to 70 L.min-1, +23%), increasing with both the respiratory frequency (38 to 41 cycle.min-1; +8%) and the tidal volume (1.5 to 1.7 L; +13%). Respiratory Exchange Ratio increased (1.03 to 1.14) in the same extent as tolerance to ⩒CO2 In conclusion, it is possible to increase performance and ⩒O2max with polarized training focusing on a high pedaling cadence even after turning 100 years old. KEYWORDS: aging; cadence of pedaling; centenarian; cycling; ⩒O2max ====================================== Table 1: anatomical and physiological variables before and after training. ----------------------------- Before training After training ----------------------------- Weight (Kg) 50.1 48.5 Height (m) 1.52 1.52 Body mass Index 21.7 21.0 Fat body mass (Kg) 13 11 Lean body mass (Kg) 43.6 43.2 Body Surface (m2) 1.45 1.43 Field record power (W) 80 103 Maximal oxygen uptake (mLO2 . min-1) 1553 1698 Maximal carbon dioxide production (mLCO2 . Kg-1. min-1) 31.9 37.1 Maximal respiratory exchange ratio 1.03 1.14 Maximal expiratory minute ventilation (L . min-1) 57 70 Maximal respiratory frequency (cycle . min-1) 38 41 Maximal tidal volume (L/cycle) 1.5 1.7 Maximal oxygen pulse (mL O2 . beat-1) 11.6 13.0 Maximal oxygen pulse (mL O2 . Kg-1 . beat-1) 0.23 0.27 Maximal oxygen cost of pedalling (mL O2 . Kg-1 . W-1 ) 19.4 17.0 Tolerance to CO2 (slope of the regression line between ⩒E and ⩒CO2) 32.9 34.4 Specific power output (W . Kg-1) 1.8 2.5 Power output at ⩒O2max (W) 80 100 Power output at ⩒O2max (W . Kg-1) 1.6 2.0 Power reserve above ⩒O2max (W) 10 25 Heart Rate at rest (beats . min-1) 65 63 Maximal heart rate at ⩒O2max (beats . min-1) 134 137 Human gut microbiota and healthy aging: Recent developments and future prospective. Kumar M, Babaei P, Ji B, Nielsen J. Nutr Healthy Aging. 2016 Oct 27;4(1):3-16. doi: 10.3233/NHA-150002. Review. PMID: 28035338 http://content.iospress.com/articles/nutrition-and-healthy-aging/nha150002 http://content.iospress.com/download/nutrition-and-healthy-aging/nha150002?id=nutrition-and-healthy-aging%2Fnha150002 Abstract The human gut microbiota alters with the aging process. In the first 2-3 years of life, the gut microbiota varies extensively in composition and metabolic functions. After this period, the gut microbiota demonstrates adult-like more stable and diverse microbial species. However, at old age, deterioration of physiological functions of the human body enforces the decrement in count of beneficial species (e.g. Bifidobacteria) in the gut microbiota, which promotes various gut-related diseases (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease). Use of plant-based diets and probiotics/prebiotics may elevate the abundance of beneficial species and prevent gut-related diseases. Still, the connections between diet, microbes, and host are only partially known. To this end, genome-scale metabolic modeling can help to explore these connections as well as to expand the understanding of the metabolic capability of each species in the gut microbiota. This systems biology approach can also predict metabolic variations in the gut microbiota during ageing, and hereby help to design more effective probiotics/prebiotics. KEYWORDS: Human gut microbiota; aging; diets; genome-scale metabolic modeling; probiotics/prebiotics [Cancer sores can be a pain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine#Allergyhappens for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine, another name for cochineal red.] Is there a role of food additives in recurrent aphthous stomatitis? a prospective study with patch testing. Gülseren D, Hapa A, Ersoy-Evans S, Elçin G, Karaduman A. Int J Dermatol. 2016 Dec 30. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13515. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28035659 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1111/ijd.13515 Abstract BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common disease of the oral mucosa with an unknown etiology. This study aimed to determine if food additives play a role in the etiology of RAS as well as to determine if patch testing can be used to detect which allergens cause RAS. METHODS: This prospective study included 24 patients with RAS and 22 healthy controls. All the participants underwent patch testing for 23 food additives. RESULTS: In total, 21 (87.5%) RAS patients and 3 (13.6%) controls had positive patch test reactions to ≥1 allergens; the difference in the patch test positivity rate between groups was significant (P < 0.05). The most common allergen that elicited positive patch test results in the patient group was cochineal red (n = 15 [62.5%]), followed by azorubine (n = 11 [45.8%]) and amaranth (n = 6 [25%]). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings show that food additives might play a role in the etiology of RAS and that patch testing could be a method for determining the etiology of RAS. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 1, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 1, 2017 Changes in leisure time physical activity and subsequent disability retirement: A register-linked cohort study. Lahti J, Holstila A, Mänty M, Lahelma E, Rahkonen O. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Sep 6;13(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0426-2. PMID: 27599466 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012048/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012048/pdf/12966_2016_Article_426.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Disability retirement is an economic, public health and work life issue causing costs for employees, workplaces and society. Adopting physical activity at middle-age has been associated with reduced risk of sickness absence and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine how changes over time in leisure time physical activity are associated with subsequent disability retirement among midlife employees. METHODS: The Helsinki Health Study cohort baseline (phase 1) mail questionnaire survey data were collected in 2000, 2001 and 2002 among 40-60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland. A phase 2 survey was conducted in 2007 (N = 3943). Respondents were classified into three groups: 1. low-active (<14 MET-hours/week), 2. moderately active (> = 14 MET-hours/week in moderate-intensity physical activity) and 3. vigorously active (> = 14 MET-hours/week including vigorous physical activity) at both phases. This yielded nine groups for describing stability and change of leisure time physical activity. Disability retirement data were derived from the registry of the Finnish Centre for Pensions until the end of 2013. A Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 264 (6.7 %) participants retired due to disability. Compared with those who were persistently low-active, those who increased their physical activity from low to vigorous had a lower risk of subsequent disability retirement (HR = 0.38, 95 % CI = 0.15-0.97) when adjusting for age, gender, occupational social class, strenuousness of work, smoking and binge drinking. Similarly, compared with those who were persistently moderately active, those increasing from moderate to vigorous (HR = 0.50, 95 % CI = 0.28-0.86) had a reduced risk. In contrast, those decreasing their physical activity from vigorous to low (HR = 2.42, 95 % CI = 1.32-4.41) or moderate (HR = 1.70, 95 % CI = 1.03-2.82) had an increased risk, compared with those who were persistently vigorously active. Adjusting for BMI, limiting longstanding illness and prior sickness absence somewhat attenuated the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting vigorous physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of disability retirement. Promoting vigorous physical activity among midlife employees may help prevent disability retirement. KEYWORDS: Exercise; Physical inactivity; Work disability; Working conditions The descriptive epidemiology of accelerometer-measured physical activity in older adults. Berkemeyer K, Wijndaele K, White T, Cooper AJ, Luben R, Westgate K, Griffin SJ, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Brage S. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Jan 7;13:2. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0316-z. PMID: 26739758 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704380/?report=classic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4704380/pdf/12966_2015_Article_316.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Objectively measured physical activity between older individuals and between populations has been poorly described. We aimed to describe and compare the variation in accelerometry data in older UK (EPIC-Norfolk) and American (NHANES) adults. METHODS: Physical activity was measured by uniaxial accelerometry in 4,052 UK (49-91 years) and 3459 US older adults (49-85 years). We summarized physical activity as volume (average counts/minute), its underlying intensity distribution, and as time spent <100counts/minute, ≥809counts/minute and ≥2020counts/minute both for total activity and that undertaken in ≥10-min bouts. RESULTS: In EPIC-Norfolk 65% of wear-time was spent at <100 counts/minute and 20% spent in the range 100-500 counts/minute. Only 4.1% of this cohort accumulated more than 30 min/day of activity above 2020 counts/minute in 10-min bouts. If a cut-point of >809 counts/minute is used 18.7% of people reached the 30 min/day threshold. By comparison, 2.5% and 9.5% of American older adults accumulated activity at these levels, respectively. CONCLUSION: As assessed by objectively measured physical activity, the majority of older adults in this UK study did not meet current activity guidelines. Older adults in the UK were more active overall, but also spent more time being sedentary than US adults. Long terms trends of multimorbidity and association with physical activity in older English population. Dhalwani NN, O'Donovan G, Zaccardi F, Hamer M, Yates T, Davies M, Khunti K. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Jan 19;13:8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0330-9. PMID: 26785753 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717631/?report=classic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4717631/pdf/12966_2016_Article_330.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity has become one of the main challenges in the recent years for patients, health care providers and the health care systems globally. However, literature describing the burden of multimorbidity in the elderly population, especially longitudinal trends is very limited. Physical activity is recommended as one of the main lifestyle changes in the prevention and management of multiple chronic diseases worldwide; however, the evidence on its association with multimorbidity remains inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to assess the longitudinal trends of multimorbidity and the association between multimorbidity and physical activity in a nationally representative cohort of the English population aged ≥50 years between 2002 and 2013. METHODS: We used data on 15,688 core participants from six waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, with complete information on physical activity. Self-reported physical activity was categorised as inactive, mild, moderate and vigorous levels of physical activity. We calculated the number of morbidities and the prevalence of multimorbidity (more than 2 chronic conditions) between 2002 and 2013 overall and by levels of self-reported physical activity. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for multimorbidity by each category of physical activity, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: There was a progressive decrease over time in the proportion of participants without any chronic conditions (33.9% in 2002/2003 vs. 26.8% in 2012/2013). In contrast, the prevalence of multimorbidity steadily increased over time (31.7% in 2002/2003 vs. 43.1% in 2012/2013). Compared to the physically inactive group, the OR for multimorbidity was 0.84 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.91) in mild, 0.61 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.66) in moderate and 0.45 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.49) in the vigorous physical activity group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated an inverse dose-response association between levels of physical activity and multimorbidity, however, given the increasing prevalence of multimorbidity over time, there is a need to explore causal associations between physical activity and multimorbidity and its impact as a primary prevention strategy to prevent the occurrence of chronic conditions later in life and reduce the burden of multimorbidity. Changes in physical activity during transition to retirement: a cohort study. Stenholm S, Pulakka A, Kawachi I, Oksanen T, Halonen JI, Aalto V, Kivimäki M, Vahtera J. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Apr 16;13:51. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0375-9. PMID: 27084334 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833915/?report=classic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833915/pdf/12966_2016_Article_375.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Retirement is a major life transition which may affect lifestyle. The aim of this study is to examine within-individual changes in physical activity during the transition from full-time work to retirement. METHODS: The study population consisted of 9,488 Finnish public-sector employees who retired in 2000-2011 and who reported their leisure-time and commuting physical activity before and after retirement. On average, participants provided data at 3.6 (of the four) repeat examinations during 10 years before and 10 years after the retirement. Physical activity was self-reported and was expressed as weekly metabolic equivalent task (MET) hours. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine physical activity trajectories around retirement. RESULTS: Among participants entering to statutory retirement physical activity first increased by 1.81 MET-hours (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20 to 2.42) during 4-year retirement transition, but then decreased by -1.80 MET hours (95% CI -2.83 to -0.79) during the subsequent post-retirement period. Older retirement age, higher occupational status and fewer chronic diseases were associated with greater increase in physical activity during transition to statutory retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Statutory retirement appears to be associated with a temporary increase in physical activity. Future research should examine ways to maintain the increased activity level after retirement. KEYWORDS: Aging; Cohort Study; Physical activity; Retirement >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Retirement-A Transition to a Healthier Lifestyle?: Evidence From a Large Australian Study. Ding D, Grunseit AC, Chau JY, Vo K, Byles J, Bauman AE. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Aug;51(2):170-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.01.019. PMID: 26972491 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.01.019 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Population aging is associated with a rising burden of non-communicable disease, profoundly impacting health policy and practice. Adopting and adhering to healthy lifestyles in middle or older age can protect against morbidity and mortality. Retirement brings opportunities to reconfigure habitual lifestyles and establish new routines. This study examines the longitudinal association between retirement and a range of lifestyle risk behaviors among a large population-based sample of Australian adults. METHODS: Study sample included working adults aged ≥45 years at baseline (2006-2009, N=23,478-26,895). Lifestyle behaviors, including smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, diet, sedentary behavior, and sleep, were measured at both baseline and follow-up (2010). Logistic regression models estimated the odds of having each risk factor at follow-up and multiple linear regression models calculated the change in the total number of risk factors, adjusted for baseline risk and other covariates. Sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for retirement were tested as potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: During the 3.3-year follow-up, about 11% of respondents retired. Retirement was associated significantly with reduced odds of smoking (AOR=0.74); physical inactivity (AOR=0.73); excessive sitting (AOR=0.34); and at-risk sleep patterns (AOR=0.82). There was no significant association between retirement and alcohol use or fruit and vegetable consumption. Change in the total number of lifestyle risk factors differed significantly by reason for retirement. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population-based Australian cohort, retirement was associated with positive lifestyle changes. Health professionals and policymakers should consider developing special programs for retirees to capitalize on the healthy transitions through retirement. Associations between liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk in French adults: a prospective cohort study. Lampuré A, Castetbon K, Deglaire A, Schlich P, Péneau S, Hercberg S, Méjean C. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Jul 4;13:74. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0406-6. PMID: 27378200 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4932768/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4932768/pdf/12966_2016_Article_406.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Individual sensory liking appears to be an important determinant of dietary intake and may consequently influence weight status. Cross-sectional studies have shown positive association between fat liking and weight status and equivocal results regarding salt and sweet liking. Moreover, the contribution of dietary intake to explain this relationship has not been studied yet. We investigated the prospective association between sensory liking for fat, sweet or salt and the onset of obesity over 5 years in adults, and the mediating effect of dietary intake. METHODS: We prospectively examine the risk of obesity among 24,776 French adults participating in the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Liking scores and dietary data were assessed at baseline using a validated web-based questionnaire and 24 h records, respectively. Self-reported anthropometric data were collected using web-based questionnaire, each year during 5 years. Associations between quartiles of liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk, and the mediating effect of diet were assessed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards models stratified by gender, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: In both genders, sensory liking for fat was associated with an increased risk of obesity (hazard ratios for quartile 4 compared to quartile 1, men: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 2.39 (95% CI 1.39,4.11) P-trend = 0.0005, women: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 2.02 (1.51,2.71) P-trend = <0.0001). Dietary intake explained 32% in men and 52% in women of the overall variation of liking for fat in obesity. Sensory liking for sweet was associated with a decreased risk of obesity (men: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 0.51 (0.31,0.83) P-trend = 0.01, women: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 0.72 (0.54,0.96) P-trend = 0.035). No significant association between salt liking and the risk of obesity was found. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike sweet and salt liking, higher liking for fat appears to be a major risk factor of obesity, largely explained by dietary intake. Our findings emphasize the need to centrally position sensory liking in obesity prevention. KEYWORDS: Dietary intake; Fat sensation; Mediating factor; Obesity; Salty taste; Sensory liking; Sweet taste Effect of frequent interruptions of prolonged sitting on self-perceived levels of energy, mood, food cravings and cognitive function. Bergouignan A, Legget KT, De Jong N, Kealey E, Nikolovski J, Groppel JL, Jordan C, O'Day R, Hill JO, Bessesen DH. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Nov 3;13(1):113. PMID: 27809874 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094084/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094084/pdf/12966_2016_Article_437.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: While physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive performance and well-being, office workers are essentially sedentary. We compared the effects of physical activity performed as (i) one bout in the morning or (ii) as microbouts spread out across the day to (iii) a day spent sitting, on mood and energy levels and cognitive function. METHODS: In a randomized crossover trial, 30 sedentary adults completed each of three conditions: 6 h of uninterrupted sitting (SIT), SIT plus 30 min of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE), and SIT plus six hourly 5-min microbouts of moderate-intensity treadmill walking (MICRO). Self-perceived energy, mood, and appetite were assessed with visual analog scales. Vigor and fatigue were assessed with the Profile of Mood State questionnaire. Cognitive function was measured using a flanker task and the Comprehensive Trail Making Test. Intervention effects were tested using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Both ONE and MICRO increased self-perceived energy and vigor compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). MICRO, but not ONE, improved mood, decreased levels of fatigue and reduced food cravings at the end of the day compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). Cognitive function was not significantly affected by condition. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the beneficial impact of physical activity on levels of energy and vigor, spreading out physical activity throughout the day improved mood, decreased feelings of fatigue and affected appetite. Introducing short bouts of activity during the workday of sedentary office workers is a promising approach to improve overall well-being at work without negatively impacting cognitive performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02717377 , registered 22 March 2016. KEYWORDS: Appetite; Catecholamines; Exercise; Fatigue; Physical activity; Sedentary behavior; Sitting Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 5, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 5, 2017 Demographics, Phenotypic Health Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Centenarians in China. Zeng Y, Feng Q, Gu D, Vaupel J. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 Dec 28. pii: S0047-6374(16)30216-0. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.010. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28040447 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.010 Abstract After a brief introduction to the background, significance and unique features of the centenarian population in China, we describe the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS), which is the world's largest study of centenarians, nonagenarians, octogenarians, and compatible young-old aged 65-79. Based on the CLHLS data and other relevant studies, we summarize demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as self-reported and objectively-tested health indicators of centenarians in China, with an emphasis on gender differences and rural/urban disparities. We then compare five-year-age-specific trajectories of physical and cognitive functions, self-reported health, and life satisfactions from ages 65-69 to 100+, concluding that good psychological resilience and optimism are keys to the exceptional longevity enjoyed by centenarians. We discuss recent findings of novel loci and pathways that are significantly associated with longevity based on the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the CLHLS centenarian sample, which is 2.7 times as large as prior GWAS of longevity. We also highlight colleagues' and our own studies on longevity candidate genes and gene-environment interaction analyses. Finally, we discuss limitations inherent in our studies of centenarians in China and further research perspectives. KEYWORDS: Centenarians; China; Genetic variants; GxE interactions; Health phenotypes; Healthy longevity Effect of inulin-type fructans on blood lipid profile and glucose level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Liu F, Prabhakar M, Ju J, Long H, Zhou HW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;71(1):9-20. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.156. Review. PMID: 27623982 http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v71/n1/full/ejcn2016156a.html http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v71/n1/pdf/ejcn2016156a.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITF) on human blood lipids and glucose homeostasis associated with metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity, and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) before January 2016. Human trials that investigated the effects of ITF supplementation on the lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin were included using Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs with 607 adult participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. In the overall analysis, the supplementation of ITF reduced only the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (mean difference (MD): -0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.29, -0.02; P=0.03) without affecting the other endpoints. Within the T2DM subgroup analysis, ITF supplementation was positively associated with a decreased fasting insulin concentration (MD: -4.01; 95% CI: -5.92, -2.09; P<0.0001) and increased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) (MD: 0.07; 95% CI: 0, 0.14; P=0.05). Moreover, a reduced fasting glucose tendency was identified only in the T2DM subgroup (MD: -0.42; 95% CI: -0.90, 0.06; P=0.09). There was a potential publication bias, and few trials were available for the T2DM subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the use of ITF may have benefits for LDL-c reduction across all study populations, whereas HDL-c improvement and glucose control were demonstrated only in the T2DM subgroup. Thus, additional, well-powered, long-term, randomized clinical trials are required for a definitive conclusion. Overall, ITF supplementation may provide a novel direction for improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism. Corn oil intake favorably impacts lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle levels compared with extra-virgin olive oil. Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Kaden VN, Geiger CJ, Palacios OM, Dicklin MR. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;71(1):33-38. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.169. PMID: 27677368 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/ejcn.2016.169 Abstract BACKGROUND: Corn oil (CO) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), but UFA profiles differ among oils, which may affect lipoprotein levels. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of CO versus EVOO intake on fasting lipoprotein and subfraction cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein (apo) A1, apo B, and low-density lipoprotein particle concentrations in men and women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: As part of a weight maintenance diet, men and women were provided with food items prepared with 54 g per day of CO or EVOO (21-day treatment, 21-day washout) in a randomized, double-blind, controlled-feeding, crossover trial. Fasting lipoprotein cholesterol and related variables were determined with density gradient ultracentrifugation. RESULTS: Among the 54 completers, CO reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apo B and LDL particle concentration to a greater extent compared with EVOO intake. Changes in LDL-C and VLDL-C contributed to the larger reduction in non-HDL-C with CO compared with EVOO intake (-0.39 mmol/l vs -0.04 mmol/l; P<0.001). The larger reduction in LDL-C by CO intake was attributable to changes (P<0.05) caused by CO vs EVOO in large LDL1+2-C (-0.22 mmol/l) and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.12 mmol/l). HDL-C responses did not differ between treatments, but apo A1 increased more with EVOO compared with CO intake (4.6 versus 0.7 mg/dl, respectively, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: CO intake reduced atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations to a larger extent than did EVOO, which may have implications for cardiovascular disease risk. --------------------- This work was funded by ACH Food Companies, Inc. (Oakbrook, IL) and PepsiCo, Inc. (Purchase, NY). Sponsor role included review and comment on study protocol and manuscript Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of incident of type 2 diabetes: results from the consortium on health and ageing network of cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). Mamluk L, O'Doherty MG, Orfanos P, Saitakis G, Woodside JV, Liao LM, Sinha R, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Kee F. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;71(1):83-91. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.143. PMID: 27530474 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/ejcn.2016.143 Abstract BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There is limited information to support definitive recommendations concerning the role of diet in the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The results of the latest meta-analyses suggest that an increased consumption of green leafy vegetables may reduce the incidence of diabetes, with either no association or weak associations demonstrated for total fruit and vegetable intake. Few studies have, however, focused on older subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The relationship between T2DM and fruit and vegetable intake was investigated using data from the NIH-AARP study and the EPIC Elderly study. All participants below the age of 50 and/or with a history of cancer, diabetes or coronary heart disease were excluded from the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of T2DM comparing the highest with the lowest estimated portions of fruit, vegetable, green leafy vegetables and cabbage intake. RESULTS: Comparing people with the highest and lowest estimated portions of fruit, vegetable or green leafy vegetable intake indicated no association with the risk of T2DM. However, although the pooled OR across all studies showed no effect overall, there was significant heterogeneity across cohorts and independent results from the NIH-AARP study showed that fruit and green leafy vegetable intake was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM OR 0.95 (95% CI 0.91,0.99) and OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.87,0.90) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake was not shown to be related to incident T2DM in older subjects. Summary analysis also found no associations between green leafy vegetable and cabbage intake and the onset of T2DM. Future dietary pattern studies may shed light on the origin of the heterogeneity across populations. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D and subsequent prostate cancer risk in a nested Case-Control study in Japan: The JPHC study. Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;71(1):132-136. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.184. PMID: 27759068 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/ejcn.2016.184 Abstract BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although vitamin D has been experimentally reported to inhibit tumorigenesis, cell growth and prostate cancer invasion, epidemiologic data regarding prostate cancer risk are inconsistent, and some studies have suggested positive but nonsignificant associations. Further, the impact of vitamin D on prostate cancer between Western and Japanese populations may differ due to different plasma vitamin D levels. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study within the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective (JPHC) Study in 14,203 men (40-69 years) who answered a self-administered questionnaire at baseline (1990-1994) and gave blood samples, and were followed until 2005. We identified 201 prostate cancers which are newly diagnosed during follow-up (mean 12.8 years). We selected two matched controls for each case from the cohort. We used a conditional logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer with respect to levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) in plasma. RESULTS: We did not observe statistically significant association between 25(OH)D level and total prostate cancer (multivariate OR=1.13 (95%CI=0.66-1.94, Ptrend=0.94) for the highest versus lowest tertile) However, 25(OH) levels were slightly positively associated with advanced cancer. The results remained substantially unchanged after stratification by intake of fish or calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: 25(OH)D level showed no association with overall prostate cancer among Japanese men in this large cohort. Serum uric acid is an independent predictor for developing prehypertension: a population-based prospective cohort study. Liu L, Gu Y, Li C, Zhang Q, Meng G, Wu H, Du H, Shi H, Xia Y, Guo X, Liu X, Bao X, Su Q, Fang L, Yu F, Yang H, Yu B, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Guo Q, Song K, Huang G, Wang G, Niu K. J Hum Hypertens. 2017 Feb;31(2):116-120. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2016.48. PMID: 27465981 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/jhh.2016.48 Abstract Although the prevalence of prehypertension is rapidly increasing in China, the medical community has paid little attention to its prevention. Prior studies have demonstrated that uric acid directly contributes to vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction. However, few prospective studies have assessed the relationship between serum uric acid and prehypertension. We therefore designed a larger-scale cohort study to examine whether uric acid level is a predictive factor for developing prehypertension in adults. Participants were recruited from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital-Health Management Centre. A prospective assessment (n=15 143) was performed. Participants without a history of hypertension or prehypertension were followed up for 2 to 6 years with a median follow-up duration of 2.8 years. Serum uric acid levels and blood pressure were assessed yearly during the follow-up. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess relationships between the quintiles of uric acid levels and the incidence of prehypertension. The incidence of prehypertension was 191 per 1000 person-years. In the final multivariate models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for prehypertension across uric acid quintiles were 1.00 (reference), 0.98 (0.90-1.07), 1.01 (0.93-1.10), 1.09 (1.001-1.20) and 1.17 (1.06-1.29) (P for trend <0.001), respectively. This population-based prospective cohort study has demonstrated that uric acid level is an independent predictor for developing prehypertension. Dementia risk linked to living close to high-traffic roads Air pollutants could be a factor, but hypothesis remains unproven CBC News Posted: Jan 04 http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/dementia-traffic-1.3921614 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> COMMENT Living close to heavy traffic roads, air pollution, and dementia Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas, Rodolfo Villarreal-Ríos Lancet, in press, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32596-X http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32596-X Summary Increases in chronic non-communicable diseases associated with changes in global economies and population ageing1 can be attributed at least partly to the exposure of urban populations to airborne particulate matter and other pervasive pollutants, poverty, dietary practices, and decreased levels of physical activity. Understanding the importance of particulate matter—a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air2—is at the crux of world epidemiological associations with short-term and long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study Hong Chen, Jeffrey C Kwong, Ray Copes, Karen Tu, Paul J Villeneuve, Aaron van Donkelaar, Perry Hystad, Randall V Martin, Brian J Murray, Barry Jessiman, Andrew S Wilton, Alexander Kopp, Richard T Burnett Lancet, in press, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32399-6 Summary Background Emerging evidence suggests that living near major roads might adversely affect cognition. However, little is known about its relationship with the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. We aimed to investigate the association between residential proximity to major roadways and the incidence of these three neurological diseases in Ontario, Canada. Methods In this population-based cohort study, we assembled two population-based cohorts including all adults aged 20–50 years (about 4·4 million; multiple sclerosis cohort) and all adults aged 55–85 years (about 2·2 million; dementia or Parkinson's disease cohort) who resided in Ontario, Canada on April 1, 2001. Eligible patients were free of these neurological diseases, Ontario residents for 5 years or longer, and Canadian-born. We ascertained the individual's proximity to major roadways based on their residential postal-code address in 1996, 5 years before cohort inception. Incident diagnoses of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis were ascertained from provincial health administrative databases with validated algorithms. We assessed the associations between traffic proximity and incident dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for individual and contextual factors such as diabetes, brain injury, and neighbourhood income. We did various sensitivity analyses, such as adjusting for access to neurologists and exposure to selected air pollutants, and restricting to never movers and urban dwellers. Findings Between 2001, and 2012, we identified 243 611 incident cases of dementia, 31 577 cases of Parkinson's disease, and 9247 cases of multiple sclerosis. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia was 1·07 for people living less than 50 m from a major traffic road (95% CI 1·06–1·08), 1·04 (1·02–1·05) for 50–100 m, 1·02 (1·01–1·03) for 101–200 m, and 1·00 (0·99–1·01) for 201–300 m versus further than 300 m (p for trend=0·0349). The associations were robust to sensitivity analyses and seemed stronger among urban residents, especially those who lived in major cities (HR 1·12, 95% CI 1·10–1·14 for people living <50 m from a major traffic road), and who never moved (1·12, 1·10–1·14 for people living <50 m from a major traffic road). No association was found with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis. Interpretation In this large population-based cohort, living close to heavy traffic was associated with a higher incidence of dementia, but not with Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis. Correlation between visit-to-visit and short-term blood pressure variability calculated using different methods and glomerular filtration rate. Wang J, Jiang B, Song L, Yang C, Wu Y, Chen S, Li C, Zhao H, Wang F, Wu S. J Hum Hypertens. 2017 Feb;31(2):132-137. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2016.51. PMID: 27488611 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/jhh.2016.51 Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between visit-to-visit and short-term blood pressure variability (BPV), including systolic BPV (SBPV) and diastolic BPV (DBPV), calculated using different methods, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a late, middle-aged population. Using cluster sampling, we randomly selected retired employees of the Kailuan Group who were ⩾60 years and participated in a third health examination for 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and inspection. Among the 3064 randomly selected observation subjects, 2464 were included based on the criteria. BPV was calculated using s.d., coefficient of variation (CV, s.d./Mean), variability independent of mean (VIM, s.d./Meanx) and BPV ratio (BPVR, s.d. (SBPV)/s.d. (DBPV)). Multivariate linear regression was used to analyse the correlation between estimated GFR (eGFR) and BPV calculated using different methods. The mean age of 2464 subjects was 67.4±6.1 years, with 1667 male subjects (67.7%). A total of 2104 cases were included in the visit-to-visit BPV group, and 1382 in the short-term BPV group. SBPV calculated using different methods showed statistically significant increasing trends for the SBP versus all s.d. and short-term BPVR. There was a significant, positive correlation between the visit-to-visit and short-term BPV calculated using different methods, which were all negatively correlated with eGFR (P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that, with correction for possible confounding factors, SBPV (24-h s.d., CV and VIM, and daytime CV and night time CV) and all DBPV demonstrated negative linear relationships with eGFR (P<0.05). Relationship Between Ties With Adult Children and Life Satisfaction Among the Middle-Aged, the Young-Old, and the Oldest-Old Korean Adults. Chai HW, Jun HJ. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016 Jan 1:91415016685834. doi: 10.1177/0091415016685834. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28042718 https://paa.confex.com/paa/2016/mediafile/ExtendedAbstract/Paper6868/PAA%202016_Extended%20Abstract_Hye%20Won%20Chai.pdf One of the important determinants of well-being among aging parents is their relationship with adult children. Using the two waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this study examined how different types of ties with adult children affect the life satisfaction of the Korean middle-aged, the young-old, and the oldest-old adults. Multigroup analysis was used to see if the effects of ties with adult children differ by the three age-groups. The results showed that frequency of contact had positive effect on life satisfaction for all of the age-groups. However, coresidence with children had a negative effect for the middle-aged, but a positive effect for the oldest-old. Finally, exchanges of support with adult children had significant effects only for the young-old. These results show that the importance of different types of ties with children change according to aging parents' life stages. KEYWORDS: intergenerational relationships; life satisfaction; multigroup analysis; the middle-aged; the oldest-old; the young-old [Offspriing of centenarians may have been better subjects to chose to study.] The gut microbiota of centenarians: Signatures of longevity in the gut microbiota profile. Elena B, Rampelli S, Turroni S, Quercia S, Marco C, Patrizia B. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 Dec 31. pii: S0047-6374(16)30171-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.013. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28049008 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.013 Abstract The changing physiology and lifestyle of elderly people affect the gut microbiota composition, the changes of which can, in turn, affect the health maintenance of the ageing host. In a co-evolutionary vision of the relationship between gut microbiota and ageing as an adaptive process of the human superorganism, long-living individuals who get to "successfully" age might be the ones whose microbiota manages to continuously re-establish a mutualistic relationship with the host, adapting to the progressive endogenous and environmental changes. The study of the gut microbiota of long-living people might provide insights on whether and how the gut microbiota can contribute to health maintenance and survival. Here, we provide the state of the art on the study of the gut microbiota in ageing and longevity, with particular attention to the perspective and direction this peculiar field of the microbiota research should take, in order to be a starting point for future mechanistic, pharmacological and clinical studies in ageing research. In particular, longevous people having different genetic, environmental, and cultural background must be analyzed and compared in the attempt to describe "universal" longevity dynamics, useful to unravel how the gut microbial ecosystem can help in expanding human healthspan. KEYWORDS: Centenarians; Gut microbiota; Longevity "According to this study, the centenarian gut microbiome shows a proteolytic propensity, being enriched in genes involved in the metabolism of aromatic amino acids (eg. tryptophan and phenylalanine), tyrosine, valine and lysine, while correspondingly depleted in functions involved in carbohydrate metabolism." Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 6, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 6, 2017 (edited) Bending the blood pressure curve down: are we succeeding? Published Online November 15, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(16)32167-5 See Articles page 37 www.thelancet.com Vol 389 January 7, 2017 3-4 http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32167-5/fulltext >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Refers To NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants The Lancet, Volume 389, Issue 10064, 7–13 January 2017, Pages 37-55 http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(16)31919-5.pdf Summary Background Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. Methods For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or community population-based studies that had measured blood pressure in adults aged 18 years and older. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2015 in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of raised blood pressure for 200 countries. We calculated the contributions of changes in prevalence versus population growth and ageing to the increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure. Findings We pooled 1479 studies that had measured the blood pressures of 19·1 million adults. Global age-standardised mean systolic blood pressure in 2015 was 127·0 mm Hg (95% credible interval 125·7–128·3) in men and 122·3 mm Hg (121·0–123·6) in women; age-standardised mean diastolic blood pressure was 78·7 mm Hg (77·9–79·5) for men and 76·7 mm Hg (75·9–77·6) for women. Global age-standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure was 24·1% (21·4–27·1) in men and 20·1% (17·8–22·5) in women in 2015. Mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure decreased substantially from 1975 to 2015 in high-income western and Asia Pacific countries, moving these countries from having some of the highest worldwide blood pressure in 1975 to the lowest in 2015. Mean blood pressure also decreased in women in central and eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and, more recently, central Asia, Middle East, and north Africa, but the estimated trends in these super-regions had larger uncertainty than in high-income super-regions. By contrast, mean blood pressure might have increased in east and southeast Asia, south Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, central and eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest blood pressure levels. Prevalence of raised blood pressure decreased in high-income and some middle-income countries; it remained unchanged elsewhere. The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1·13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income countries. The global increase in the number of adults with raised blood pressure is a net effect of increase due to population growth and ageing, and decrease due to declining age-specific prevalence. Interpretation During the past four decades, the highest worldwide blood pressure levels have shifted from high-income countries to low-income countries in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa due to opposite trends, while blood pressure has been persistently high in central and eastern Europe. Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity. Wahl S, Drong A, Lehne B, Loh M, Scott WR, Kunze S, Tsai PC, Ried JS, Zhang W, Yang Y, Tan S, Fiorito G, Franke L, Guarrera S, Kasela S, Kriebel J, Richmond RC, Adamo M, Afzal U, Ala-Korpela M, Albetti B, Ammerpohl O, Apperley JF, Beekman M, Bertazzi PA, Black SL, Blancher C, Bonder MJ, Brosch M, Carstensen-Kirberg M, de Craen AJ, de Lusignan S, Dehghan A, Elkalaawy M, Fischer K, Franco OH, Gaunt TR, Hampe J, Hashemi M, Isaacs A, Jenkinson A, Jha S, Kato N, Krogh V, Laffan M, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Mok ZY, Motta V, Ng HK, Nikolakopoulou Z, Nteliopoulos G, Panico S, Pervjakova N, Prokisch H, Rathmann W, Roden M, Rota F, Rozario MA, Sandling JK, Schafmayer C, Schramm K, Siebert R, Slagboom PE, Soininen P, Stolk L, Strauch K, Tai ES, Tarantini L, Thorand B, Tigchelaar EF, Tumino R, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn C, van Meurs JB, Vineis P, Wickremasinghe AR, Wijmenga C, Yang TP, Yuan W, Zhernakova A, Batterham RL, Smith GD, Deloukas P, Heijmans BT, Herder C, Hofman A, Lindgren CM, Milani L, van der Harst P, Peters A, Illig T, Relton CL, Waldenberger M, Järvelin MR, Bollati V, Soong R, Spector TD, Scott J, McCarthy MI, Elliott P, Bell JT, Matullo G, Gieger C, Kooner JS, Grallert H, Chambers JC. Nature. 2017 Jan 5;541(7635):81-86. doi: 10.1038/nature20784. PMID: 28002404 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/nature20784 Abstract Approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide are overweight or affected by obesity, and are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and related metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Although the mechanisms linking adiposity to associated clinical conditions are poorly understood, recent studies suggest that adiposity may influence DNA methylation, a key regulator of gene expression and molecular phenotype. Here we use epigenome-wide association to show that body mass index (BMI; a key measure of adiposity) is associated with widespread changes in DNA methylation (187 genetic loci with P < 1 × 10-7, range P = 9.2 × 10-8 to 6.0 × 10-46; n = 10,261 samples). Genetic association analyses demonstrate that the alterations in DNA methylation are predominantly the consequence of adiposity, rather than the cause. We find that methylation loci are enriched for functional genomic features in multiple tissues (P < 0.05), and show that sentinel methylation markers identify gene expression signatures at 38 loci (P < 9.0 × 10-6, range P = 5.5 × 10-6 to 6.1 × 10-35, n = 1,785 samples). The methylation loci identify genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, substrate transport and inflammatory pathways. Finally, we show that the disturbances in DNA methylation predict future development of type 2 diabetes (relative risk per 1 standard deviation increase in methylation risk score: 2.3 (2.07-2.56); P = 1.1 × 10-54). Our results provide new insights into the biologic pathways influenced by adiposity, and may enable development of new strategies for prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes and other adverse clinical consequences of obesity. Nutrition Across the Lifespan for Healthy Aging: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, Food Forum. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2016 Dec 29. PMID: 28055151 Free Books & Documents https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK409023/ Excerpt On September 13-14, 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Food Forum convened a workshop in Washington, DC, to (1) examine trends and patterns in aging and factors related to healthy aging in the United States with a focus on nutrition; (2) examine how nutrition can sustain and promote healthy aging, not only in late adulthood, but beginning in pregnancy and early childhood and extending throughout the lifespan; (3) highlight the role of nutrition in the aging process at various stages in life; (4) discuss changes in organ systems over the lifespan, including the skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular systems, and changes that occur with age related to cognitive, brain, and mental health; diet-related sensory preferences; oral health; and the microbiome; and (5) explore opportunities to move forward in promoting healthy aging in the United States. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes key points of the workshop presentations and discussions. A comprehensive summary of the workshop will be publicly available in a forthcoming full-length Proceedings of a Workshop. "Gordon Jensen, University of Vermont College of Medicine, emphasized the existence of a large body of literature that obesity is a much stronger predictor of all-cause mortality at younger ages (in children and young adults) than at older ages. He also provided an overview of the growing body of data supporting the so-called obesity paradox, beginning with a 2013 review paper by epidemiologist Katherine Flegal and colleagues showing that, compared to a “desirable” body mass index (BMI) (i.e., normal weight), class II and III obesity were associated with significantly greater all-cause mortality, while in contrast, class I obesity was not associated with higher mortality, and overweight was associated with significantly lower mortality.3 Flegal's work, Jensen said, started a “raging controversy,” a key issue being how to interpret its findings for health professionals and the public. In Jensen's opinion, the obesity paradox may be explained, at least in part, by body composition and a subset of what he described as “pretty robust healthy overweight and mildly obese older people”—as recent work from his research group has shown that overweight in older adults is protective only in patients with high muscle mass. He concluded by noting that it is safe to say that obesity does not generally confer mortality or health benefits, as such, rather than changing BMI guidelines for older persons, it is the use of the current guidelines that warrants re-evaluation." Dietary total flavonoids intake and risk of mortality from all causes and cardiovascular disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Liu XM, Liu YJ, Huang Y, Yu HJ, Yuan S, Tang BW, Wang PG, He QQ. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Jan 5. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601003. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28054441 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201601003 Abstract AIM: Epidemiologic studies assessing the association between dietary total flavonoids intake and the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all causes have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to investigate this association. METHOD: We searched PubMed and Embase databases from January 1966 through May 2016 and examined the references of retrieved articles to identify relevant prospective cohort studies. The random-effect model was used to calculate the summary risk estimates and dose-response analysis was performed. RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The relative risk (RR) of all-cause mortality for the highest versus lowest category of total flavonoids intake was 0.82 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72-0.92). Dose-response analysis showed that those consuming 200mg/d of total flavonoids had the lowest risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, a marginally significant association was found between dietary total flavonoids consumption and risk of death from CVD (summary RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.70-1.03; P = 0.099) and coronary heart diseases (CHD) (summary RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.54-1.02; P = 0.069), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis provides strong evidence for the recommendation of consuming flavonoids-rich food to reduce risks of mortality from all causes as part of a healthy diet among general adults. KEYWORDS: CVD; flavonoids; meta-analysis; mortality; prospective cohort study A 3-Arm Randomized Trial for Achilles Tendinopathy: Eccentric Training, Eccentric Training Plus a Dietary Supplement Containing Mucopolysaccharides, or Passive Stretching Plus a Dietary Supplement Containing Mucopolysaccharides. Balius R, Álvarez G, Baró F, Jiménez F, Pedret C, Costa E, Martínez-Puig D. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2016 Nov 18;78:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2016.11.001. PMID: 28053674 http://www.currenttherapeuticres.com/article/S0011-393X(16)30071-6/fulltext http://www.currenttherapeuticres.com/article/S0011-393X(16)30071-6/pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Tendinopathy is an overuse tendon injury that occurs in loaded tendons and results in pain and functional impairment. Although many treatments for painful tendons are described, the scientific evidence for most of the conservative and surgical treatments is not always conclusive. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of 3 different interventions in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. The interventions include the combination of 2 physical therapy programs (eccentric training [EC] or passive stretching [PS]) with a supplement containing mucopolisaccharides. The efficacy of the interventions was evaluated depending on the stage of the disease. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, and classified according to the disease stage: reactive versus degenerative tendinopathy. Treatment groups were EC; EC + a dietary supplement containing mucopolisaccharides, type I collagen, and vitamin C (MCVC); and a passive stretching program + MCVC. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks with the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles questionnaire for function, a visual analog scale for pain, and ultrasound characterization for the evolution of tendon structure. RESULTS: A significant improvement in Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles questionnaire score, pain at rest, and pain during activity were detected in all 3 treatment groups at 6 and 12 weeks' follow-up when compared with baseline. In patients with reactive tendinopathy, the reduction in pain at rest was greater in the groups who took the supplemental MCVC than in the EC alone group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MCVC seems to be therapeutically useful for management of tendinopathies, providing some additional benefit to physical therapy. This is especially evident in early stages of the disease, when the tendon does not present severe matrix and vascular changes. KEYWORDS: eccentric training; food supplement; passive stretching; tendinopathy Grilled, Barbecued, and Smoked Meat Intake and Survival Following Breast Cancer. Parada H Jr, Steck SE, Bradshaw PT, Engel LS, Conway K, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017 Jan 4. pii: djw299. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djw299. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28052933 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/jnci/djw299 Abstract BACKGROUND: Grilled, barbecued, and smoked meat intake, a prevalent dietary source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogens, may increase the risk of incident breast cancer. However, no studies have examined whether intake of this PAH source influences survival after breast cancer. METHODS: We interviewed a population-based cohort of 1508 women diagnosed with first primary invasive or in situ breast cancer in 1996 and 1997 at baseline and again approximately five years later to assess grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake. After a median of 17.6 years of follow-up, 597 deaths, of which 237 were breast cancer related, were identified. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality as related to prediagnosis intake, comparing high (above the median) to low intake, as well as postdiagnosis changes in intake, comparing every combination of pre-/postdiagnosis intake to low pre-/postdiagnosis intake. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: High prediagnosis grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.46). Other associations were noted, but estimates were not statistically significant. These include high prediagnosis smoked beef/lamb/pork intake and increased all-cause (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.38, Ptrend = .10) and breast cancer-specific (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.60, Ptrend = .09) mortality. Also, among women with continued high grilled/barbecued and smoked meat intake after diagnosis, all-cause mortality risk was elevated 31% (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.78). Further, breast cancer-specific mortality was decreased among women with any pre- and postdiagnosis intake of smoked poultry/fish (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.97). CONCLUSION: High intake of grilled/barbecued and smoked meat may increase mortality after breast cancer. Association of TSH Elevation with All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Chuang MH, Liao KM, Hung YM, Chou YC, Chou P. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 3;12(1):e0168611. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168611. PMID: 28045962 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0168611 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0168611&type=printable Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition in the global population and is more common in the elderly. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level increases with aging, and hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in CKD patients. However, the relationship between low thyroid function and mortality in CKD patients is unclear. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine the relationship between TSH elevation and all-cause mortality in elderly patients with CKD. This retrospective cohort study included individuals ≥65 years old with CKD (n = 23,786) in Taipei City. Health examination data from 2005 to 2010 were provided by the Taipei Databank for Public Health Analysis. Subjects were categorized according to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level as follows: low normal (0.34<TSH<1.074 mIU/L), middle normal (1.074≤TSH≤2.46 mIU/L), high normal (2.46<TSH<5.2 mIU/L), elevated I (5.2≤TSH<10 mIU/L), and elevated II (TSH≥10 mIU/L). Risk of mortality was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CKD stage, serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, hemoglobin, body mass index, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular disease), history of cancer, and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Our results showed that compared to the reference group (middle normal TSH), the risk of all-cause mortality was increased in the elevated I group (hazard ratio {HR}, 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.45) and elevated II group (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.00-1.69). We found a significant association between TSH elevation and all-cause mortality in this cohort of elderly persons with CKD. However, determining the benefit of treatment for moderately elevated TSH level (5.2-10 mIU/L) in elderly patients with CKD will require a well-designed randomized controlled trial. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Mortality in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Grossman A, Weiss A, Koren-Morag N, Shimon I, Beloosesky Y, Meyerovitch J. Am J Med. 2016 Apr;129(4):423-30. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.027. PMID: 26714213 http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)30026-7/fulltext http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)30026-7/pdf Abstract OBJECTIVE: The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and mortality in the elderly is poorly defined. This study was designed to evaluate the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism and mortality in the elderly and to define the thyroid-stimulating hormone values associated with excess mortality in the elderly. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study with a review of a computerized database of a large health care organization. Patients aged more than 65 years evaluated in the years 2002 to 2012 with documented normal free T4 values were included in the analysis. All cases of known thyroid disease or cases in which thyroid medications were dispensed were excluded. Analysis was performed only on individuals who were not treated for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism during the follow-up period. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on thyroid-stimulating hormone values: normal (normal thyroid-stimulating hormone), subclinical hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone >4.2 mIU/L), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone <0.35 mIU/L). All-cause mortality hazard ratio (HR) was compared among the 3 groups, and a subanalysis according to thyroid-stimulating hormone values was performed in those with subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism. RESULTS: A final analysis was performed on 17,440 individuals with subclinical thyroid disease (538 with subclinical hyperthyroidism [3.1%], 1956 with subclinical hypothyroidism [11.2%], 14,946 normal cases [85.7%], average age of 83 years, 10,289 were women) who were followed up for 10 years. Both subclinical hypothyroidism (HR, 1.75; confidence interval [CI], 1.63-1.88) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (HR, 2.33; CI, 2.08-2.63) were associated with significantly increased mortality, and this association persisted on multivariate analysis (subclinical hypothyroidism HR, 1.68; CI, 1.56-1.8, subclinical hyperthyroidism HR, 1.93; CI, 1.7-2.17). Crude mortality was elevated at 1, 2, and 5 years, but this association seemed to decrease as time from initial analysis increased (most significant association at 1 year). Thyroid-stimulating hormone values greater than 6.38 mIU/L were associated with the highest mortality in those with subclinical hypothyroidism after multivariate adjustment (HR, 1.708; CI, 1.38-2.12), whereas in subclinical hyperthyroidism, no threshold for increased mortality was identified. Mortality was higher. CONCLUSIONS: Both subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with increased mortality in the elderly. A threshold thyroid-stimulating hormone value (>6.35 mIU/L) exists for increased mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism, but not in subclinical hyperthyroidism. KEYWORDS: Elderly; Mortality; Subclinical hyperthyroidism; Subclinical hypothyroidism >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S, Walsh JP, Asvold BO, Iervasi G, Imaizumi M, Collet TH, Bremner A, Maisonneuve P, Sgarbi JA, Khaw KT, Vanderpump MP, Newman AB, Cornuz J, Franklyn JA, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Gussekloo J; Thyroid Studies Collaboration.. JAMA. 2010 Sep 22;304(12):1365-74. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1361. PMID: 20858880 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923470/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923470/pdf/nihms459146.pdf Abstract CONTEXT: Data regarding the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease outcomes are conflicting among large prospective cohort studies. This might reflect differences in participants' age, sex, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, or preexisting cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality for adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: The databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1950 to May 31, 2010) were searched without language restrictions for prospective cohort studies with baseline thyroid function and subsequent CHD events, CHD mortality, and total mortality. The reference lists of retrieved articles also were searched. DATA EXTRACTION: Individual data on 55,287 participants with 542,494 person-years of follow-up between 1972 and 2007 were supplied from 11 prospective cohorts in the United States, Europe, Australia, Brazil, and Japan. The risk of CHD events was examined in 25,977 participants from 7 cohorts with available data. Euthyroidism was defined as a TSH level of 0.50 to 4.49 mIU/L. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as a TSH level of 4.5 to 19.9 mIU/L with normal thyroxine concentrations. RESULTS: Among 55,287 adults, 3450 had subclinical hypothyroidism (6.2%) and 51,837 had euthyroidism. During follow-up, 9664 participants died (2168 of CHD), and 4470 participants had CHD events (among 7 studies). The risk of CHD events and CHD mortality increased with higher TSH concentrations. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, the hazard ratio (HR) for CHD events was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.18) for a TSH level of 4.5 to 6.9 mIU/L (20.3 vs 20.3/1000 person-years for participants with euthyroidism), 1.17 (95% CI, 0.96-1.43) for a TSH level of 7.0 to 9.9 mIU/L (23.8/1000 person-years), and 1.89 (95% CI, 1.28-2.80) for a TSH level of 10 to 19.9 mIU/L (n = 70 events/235; 38.4/1000 person-years; P <.001 for trend). The corresponding HRs for CHD mortality were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.91-1.30; 5.3 vs 4.9/1000 person-years for participants with euthyroidism), 1.42 (95% CI, 1.03-1.95; 6.9/1000 person-years), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.27, n = 28 deaths/333; 7.7/1000 person-years; P = .005 for trend). Total mortality was not increased among participants with subclinical hypothyroidism. Results were similar after further adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Risks did not significantly differ by age, sex, or preexisting cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of CHD events and CHD mortality in those with higher TSH levels, particularly in those with a TSH concentration of 10 mIU/L or greater. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Abnormal Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Chronic Kidney Disease in Elderly Adults in Taipei City. Chuang MH, Liao KM, Hung YM, Wang PY, Chou YC, Chou P. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Jun;64(6):1267-73. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14102. PMID: 27321605 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.14102/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.14102/epdf Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine whether older people with abnormal thyroid function are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) over a 5-year follow-up period. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Health examination data from the Taipei Databank for Public Health Analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 65 and older (N = 41,454). MEASUREMENTS: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were repeatedly measured, and subjects were categorized into four thyroid function groups (hyperthyroid, euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid, overt hypothyroid). The risk of incident CKD was evaluated using a stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for sex, baseline age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, anemia, obesity, liver function, smoking, and alcohol. RESULTS: Higher TSH levels were associated with greater risk of subsequent CKD. Individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.26) and those with overt hypothyroidism (HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04-1.55) were more likely than those who were euthyroid to have CKD. Women were more likely to have CKD than men (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06-1.16). When stratified by gender, subclinical hypothyroidism in women was associated with an increased risk of developing CKD (HR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.08-1.39). When stratified by DM, subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism were associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in nondiabetics (HR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.07-1.31; and HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.08-1.65, respectively). CONCLUSION: This cohort study of elderly persons in Taipei City found a significant association between hypothyroidism and development of CKD in women and individuals without DM. KEYWORDS: chronic kidney disease; glomerular filtration rate; hypothyroidism; proteinuria; thyroid-stimulating hormone Vegetarian diet and all-cause mortality: Evidence from a large population-based Australian cohort - the 45 and Up Study. Mihrshahi S, Ding D, Gale J, Allman-Farinelli M, Banks E, Bauman AE. Prev Med. 2016 Dec 28. pii: S0091-7435(16)30447-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.044. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28040519 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.044 Abstract The vegetarian diet is thought to have health benefits including reductions in type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Evidence to date suggests that vegetarians tend to have lower mortality rates when compared with non-vegetarians, but most studies are not population-based and other healthy lifestyle factors may have confounded apparent protective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between categories of vegetarian diet (including complete, semi and pesco-vegetarian) and all-cause mortality in a large population-based Australian cohort. The 45 and Up Study is a cohort study of 267,180 men and women aged ≥45years in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Vegetarian diet status was assessed by baseline questionnaire and participants were categorized into complete vegetarians, semi-vegetarians (eat meat≤once/week), pesco-vegetarians and regular meat eaters. All-cause mortality was determined by linked registry data to mid-2014. Cox proportional hazards models quantified the association between vegetarian diet and all-cause mortality adjusting for a range of potential confounding factors. Among 243,096 participants (mean age: 62.3years, 46.7% men) there were 16,836 deaths over a mean 6.1years of follow-up. Following extensive adjustment for potential confounding factors there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality for vegetarians versus non-vegetarians [hr hr=1.16 (95% CI 0.93-1.45)]. There was also no significant difference in mortality risk between pesco-vegetarians [hr hr=0.79 (95% CI 0.59-1.06)] or semi-vegetarians [hr hr=1.12 (95% CI 0.96-1.31)] versus regular meat eaters. We found no evidence that following a vegetarian diet, semi-vegetarian diet or a pesco-vegetarian diet has an independent protective effect on all-cause mortality. KEYWORDS: Diet; Mortality; Non-vegetarian; Pesco-vegetarian; Semi-vegetarian; Vegetarian The Impact of Gastric Atrophy on the Incidence of Diabetes. Yu TY, Wei JN, Kuo CH, Liou JM, Lin MS, Shih SR, Hua CH, Hsein YC, Hsu YW, Chuang LM, Lee MK, Hsiao CH, Wu MS, Li HY. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 3;7:39777. doi: 10.1038/srep39777. PMID: 28045079 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206635/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206635/pdf/srep39777.pdf Abstract Gastric atrophy results in lower plasma ghrelin, higher gastrin secretion, a change in gut microbiota, and altered dietary nutrient absorption, which may be associated with the incidence of diabetes. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major cause of gastric atrophy and is associated with diabetes in some reports. Since there is no study which investigates the impact of gastric atrophy on diabetes, we conduct a prospective cohort study to examine the relationship between H. pylori infection, gastric atrophy, and incident diabetes. In this study, subjects with gastric atrophy had a lower risk of incident diabetes, compared to those without gastric atrophy. The extent of gastric atrophy, measured by serum pepsinogen (PG) I/II ratio, was correlated with age, H. pylori IgG titer, HOMA2-IR, and HOMA2%B. When gastric atrophy is more extensive, presented as a lower serum PG I/II ratio, the risk of incident diabetes is lower. On the other hand, there was no significant association between H. pylori infection and the incidence of diabetes. In conclusion, the presence and the extent of gastric atrophy, but not H. pylori infection, are associated with incident diabetes. Further studies are needed to investigate the detailed mechanisms and the potential applications of the findings to guide diabetes screening and treatment strategies. Optimism and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study. Kim ES, Hagan KA, Grodstein F, DeMeo DL, De Vivo I, Kubzansky LD. Am J Epidemiol. 2016 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27927621 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/aje/kww182 Abstract Growing evidence has linked positive psychological attributes like optimism to a lower risk of poor health outcomes, especially cardiovascular disease. It has been demonstrated in randomized trials that optimism can be learned. If associations between optimism and broader health outcomes are established, it may lead to novel interventions that improve public health and longevity. In the present study, we evaluated the association between optimism and cause-specific mortality in women after considering the role of potential confounding (sociodemographic characteristics, depression) and intermediary (health behaviors, health conditions) variables. We used prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study (n = 70,021). Dispositional optimism was measured in 2004; all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates were assessed from 2006 to 2012. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we found that a higher degree of optimism was associated with a lower mortality risk. After adjustment for sociodemographic confounders, compared with women in the lowest quartile of optimism, women in the highest quartile had a hazard ratio of 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.66, 0.76) for all-cause mortality. Adding health behaviors, health conditions, and depression attenuated but did not eliminate the associations (hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.85, 0.97). Associations were maintained for various causes of death, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, and infection. Given that optimism was associated with numerous causes of mortality, it may provide a valuable target for new research on strategies to improve health. KEYWORDS: health psychology; optimism; psychological well-being; resilience Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, Outdoor Temperature, and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Wallwork RS, Colicino E, Zhong J, Kloog I, Coull BA, Vokonas P, Schwartz JD, Baccarelli AA. Am J Epidemiol. 2016 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27927620 https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/27007734/WALLWORK-DOCTOROFMEDICINETHESIS-2016.pdf?sequence=1 Abstract Ambient air pollution and temperature have been linked with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic syndrome and its components-abdominal obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose concentration, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia-predict cardiovascular disease, but the environmental causes are understudied. In this study, we prospectively examined the long-term associations of air pollution, defined as particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and temperature with the development of metabolic syndrome and its components. Using covariate-adjustment Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated associations of mean annual PM2.5 concentration and temperature with risk of incident metabolic dysfunctions between 1993 and 2011 in 587 elderly (mean = 70 (standard deviation, 7) years of age) male participants in the Normative Aging Study. A 1-μg/m3 increase in mean annual PM2.5 concentration was associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.52), an elevated fasting blood glucose level (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.39), and hypertriglyceridemia (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.30). Our findings for metabolic syndrome and high fasting blood glucose remained significant for PM2.5 levels below the Environmental Protection Agency's health-safety limit (12 μg/m3). A 1°C increase in mean annual temperature was associated with a higher risk of developing elevated fasting blood glucose (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.56). Men living in neighborhoods with worse air quality-with higher PM2.5 levels and/or temperatures than average-showed increased risk of developing metabolic dysfunctions. KEYWORDS: air pollution; blood glucose; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hypertension; metabolic syndrome; obesity; temperature; triglycerides Dissociation of muscle insulin sensitivity from exercise endurance in mice by HDAC3 depletion. Hong S, Zhou W, Fang B, Lu W, Loro E, Damle M, Ding G, Jager J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Feng D, Chu Q, Dill BD, Molina H, Khurana TS, Rabinowitz JD, Lazar MA, Sun Z. Nat Med. 2016 Dec 19. doi: 10.1038/nm.4245. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27991918 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/nm.4245 Abstract Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with reduced glucose utilization in the muscle and poor exercise performance. Here we find that depletion of the epigenome modifier histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) specifically in skeletal muscle causes severe systemic insulin resistance in mice but markedly enhances endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue, despite reducing muscle force. This seemingly paradoxical phenotype is due to lower glucose utilization and greater lipid oxidation in HDAC3-depleted muscles, a fuel switch caused by the activation of anaplerotic reactions driven by AMP deaminase 3 (Ampd3) and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. These findings highlight the pivotal role of amino acid catabolism in muscle fatigue and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Further, as genome occupancy of HDAC3 in skeletal muscle is controlled by the circadian clock, these results delineate an epigenomic regulatory mechanism through which the circadian clock governs skeletal muscle bioenergetics. These findings suggest that physical exercise at certain times of the day or pharmacological targeting of HDAC3 could potentially be harnessed to alter systemic fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Increased intermediate M1-M2 macrophage polarization and improved cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients on ω-3 supplementation. Famenini S, Rigali EA, Olivera-Perez HM, Dang J, Chang MT, Halder R, Rao RV, Pellegrini M, Porter V, Bredesen D, Fiala M. FASEB J. 2017 Jan;31(1):148-160. doi: 10.1096/fj.201600677RR. PMID: 27677546 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161513/ Abstract Monocyte/macrophages of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are defective in phagocytosis and degradation amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42), but are improved by ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3s). The hypothesis of this study was that active Aβ1-42 phagocytosis by macrophages prevents brain amyloidosis and thus maintains cognition. We studied the effects of self-supplementation with a drink with ω-3s, antioxidants, and resveratrol on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, macrophage M1M2 phenotype [the ratio of inflammatory cluster of differentiation (CD)54+CD80 and proresolution markers CD163+CD206], and Aβ1-42 phagocytosis in patients initially diagnosed as having MCI or subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). At baseline, the median MMSE score in patients in both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε3/ε3 and ApoE ε3/ε4 groups was 26.0 and macrophage Aβ1-42 phagocytosis was defective. The MMSE rate of change increased in the ApoE ε3/ε3 group a median 2.2 points per year (P = 0.015 compared to 0) but did not change in the ApoE ε3/ε4 group (P = 0.014 between groups). In the ApoE ε3/ε3 group, all patients remained cognitively stable or improved; in the ApoE ε3/ε4 group, 1 recovered from dementia, but 3 lapsed into dementia. The macrophage phenotype polarized in patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε3 to an intermediate (green zone) M1-M2 type at the rate of 0.226 U/yr, whereas in patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε4, polarization was negative (P = 0.08 between groups). The baseline M1M2 type in the extreme M1 (red zone) or M2 (white zone) was unfavorable for cognitive outcome. Aβ1-42 phagocytosis increased in both ApoE groups (P = 0.03 in each groups). In vitro, the lipidic mediator resolvin D1 (RvD1) down regulated the M1 type in patients with ApoE ε3/ε3 but in some patients with ε3/ε4, paradoxically up-regulated the M1 type. Antioxidant/ω-3/resveratrol supplementation was associated with favorable immune and cognitive responses in ApoE ε3/ε3 and individual patients bearing ApoE ε3/ε4, and brings into personalized clinical practice the immune benefits expected from ω-3 mediators called resolvins. The validity of this study is limited by its small size and uncontrolled design. [The first report below is just an abstract for a poster.] On-Treatment Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults With Isolated Systolic Hypertension. Yano Y, Rakugi H, Bakris GL, Lloyd-Jones DM, Oparil S, Saruta T, Shimada K, Matsuoka H, Imai Y, Ogihara T. Hypertension. 2017 Jan 3. pii: HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08600. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08600. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28049699 Abstract Our aim was to assess optimal on-treatment blood pressure (BP) at which cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality risks are minimized in Japanese older adults with isolated systolic hypertension. We used data from the VALISH study (Valsartan in Elderly Isolated Systolic Hypertension) that recruited older adults (n=3035; mean age, 76 years) with systolic BP (SBP) of ≥160 mm Hg and diastolic BP of <90 mm Hg. Patients were treated by valsartan. Patients were also categorized into 3 groups based on achieved on-treatment SBP of <130 mm Hg (n=317), 130 to <145 mm Hg (n=2025), or ≥145 mm Hg (n=693). The primary outcome was composite CVD (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular deaths, other vascular diseases, and kidney diseases) with secondary outcome being all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the CVD risk for each group. Over a median 3-year follow-up (8022 person-years), 93 CVD events and 52 deaths occurred. Using the on-treatment SBP of 130 to <145 mm Hg as reference stratum, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of CVD and all-cause mortality risks for those with SBP<130 mm Hg were 2.08 (1.12-3.83) and 2.09 (0.93-4.71) and for those with SBP≥145 mm Hg were 2.29 (1.44-3.62) and 2.51 (1.35-4.66), respectively. On-treatment diastolic BP yielded no relationships with CVD or all-cause mortality risk. In conclusion, among Japanese older adults with isolated systolic hypertension, SBP in the range between 130 and 144 mm Hg was associated with minimal adverse outcomes and a reduction in CVD and all-cause mortality. The BP range will need to be confirmed in randomized controlled trials. KEYWORDS: U-shaped relationship; blood pressure; cardiovascular diseases; elderly; hypertension; mortality >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults and 31-year risk for cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study. Yano Y, Stamler J, Garside DB, Daviglus ML, Franklin SS, Carnethon MR, Liu K, Greenland P, Lloyd-Jones DM. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Feb 3;65(4):327-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.060. PMID: 25634830 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4948287/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4948287/pdf/nihms800321.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <90 mm Hg, in younger and middle-aged adults is increasing in prevalence. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with ISH in younger and middle-aged adults. METHODS: CVD risks were explored in 15,868 men and 11,213 women 18 to 49 years of age (mean age 34 years) at baseline, 85% non-Hispanic white, free of coronary heart disease (CHD) and antihypertensive therapy, from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study. Participant classifications were as follows: 1) optimal-normal blood pressure (BP) (SBP <130 mm Hg and DBP <85 mm Hg); 2) high-normal BP (130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg); 3) ISH; 4) isolated diastolic hypertension (SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg); and 5) systolic diastolic hypertension (SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg). RESULTS: During a 31-year average follow-up period (842,600 person-years), there were 1,728 deaths from CVD, 1,168 from CHD, and 223 from stroke. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, race, education, body mass index, current smoking, total cholesterol, and diabetes. In men, with optimal-normal BP as the reference stratum, hazard ratios for CVD and CHD mortality risk for those with ISH were 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03 to 1.46) and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.58), respectively. ISH risks were similar to those with high-normal BP and less than those associated with isolated diastolic hypertension and systolic diastolic hypertension. In women with ISH, hazard ratios for CVD and CHD mortality risk were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.18 to 2.05) and 2.12 (95% CI: 1.49 to 3.01), respectively. ISH risks were higher than in those with high-normal BP or isolated diastolic hypertension and less than those associated with systolic diastolic hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Over long-term follow-up, younger and middle-aged adults with ISH had higher relative risk for CVD and CHD mortality than those with optimal-normal BP. KEYWORDS: cardiovascular risk; long-term follow-up; younger adults Association of regular physical activity with total and cause-specific mortality among middle-aged and older Chinese: a prospective cohort study. Zhou Y, Zhang R, Liu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, He M, Yuan J, Liang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Guo H, Wei S, Miao X, Yao P, Wu T, Chen W. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 4;7:39939. doi: 10.1038/srep39939. PMID: 28051177 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5209661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5209661/pdf/srep39939.pdf Abstract Association between physical activity and mortality has rarely been investigated among the Chinese population. Furthermore, the most appropriate amount of physical activity for longevity benefits remains unclear. We used data from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, including 24,606 middle-aged and older retired adults in 2008 and followed to 2013, to quantify linear and non-linear dose-response relationships between regular physical activity and mortality risks by Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with participants who did not engage in regular physical activity, those performing regular physical activity had significantly 46%, 56%, and 49% decreased risks of mortality from all causes, circulatory, and respiratory diseases, respectively. Each one-SD increase in regular physical activity was associated with 32% decrease of respiratory disease mortality. There were significant nonlinear dose-response associations between regular physical activity and mortality from all causes and circulatory diseases. Mortality risks decreased monotonically with increased regular physical activity amount, and appeared to reach a threshold at around 100 MET-hours/week. More mortality benefits were found among non-smokers than that among current and former smokers. Our results suggest that middle-aged and older Chinese adults can achieve mortality benefits from regular physical activity at the WHO recommended minimum, and the benefit threshold appears at approximately 100 MET hours/week. Black tea consumption improves postprandial glycemic control in normal and pre-diabetic subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Butacnum A, Chongsuwat R, Bumrungpert A. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;26(1):59-64. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.112015.08. PMID: 28049262 http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/26/1/59.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postprandial glycemic control is important for prevention of diabetes. Black tea consumption may improve postprandial glycemic control. The major bioactive compounds are polyphenols, black tea polymerized polyphenol (BTPP).This study examined the effect of black tea consumption on postprandial blood glucose and insulin response following sucrose loading in normal and pre-diabetes subjects. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Twenty-four subjects, male and female aged 20-60 years, normal and pre-diabetic, randomly ingested a sucrose solution with a low dose (110 mg BTPP), a high dose (220 mg BTPP) of black tea drink or a placebo drink (0 mg BTPP). Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min from commencement of drink ingestion to measure blood glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS: The drink containing low dose and high dose BTPP significantly decreased incremental blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) after sucrose intake compared with placebo in the normal (T0-60 min 3,232±356 vs 3,295±312 vs 3,652±454 mg.min/dL; p=0.016) and pre-diabetic subjects (T0-60 min 2,554±395 vs 2,472±280 vs 2,888±502 mg.min/dL; p=0.048). There was no statistically significant difference of changes in insulin levels between the placebo and black tea groups (p>0.05). No significant differences in adverse effects were observed with the placebo, low dose and high dose of BTPP groups. CONCLUSION: Black tea consumption can decrease postprandial blood glucose after sucrose intake. Edited January 6, 2017 by AlPater Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 7, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 7, 2017 Zinc Supplementation in Children with Asthma Exacerbation. Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. Pediatr Rep. 2016 Dec 9;8(4):6685. doi: 10.4081/pr.2016.6685. PMID: 28058103 http://applications.emro.who.int/EMHJ/V20/06/EMHJ_2014_20_6_391_396.pdf Abstract Zinc deficiency has demonstrated an association with the risk of asthma. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the severity of childhood asthma exacerbation. A number of 42 children with asthma exacerbation admitted to the hospital were randomized to receive either zinc bis-glycinate (30 mg elemental zinc/day) or a placebo in adjuvant to the standard treatment. The pediatric respiratory assessment measure (PRAM) was used to measure the asthma severity. The primary outcome was a change in asthma severity from the baseline to the end of study. The study found that PRAM score in the zinc group showed a more rapid decrease compared to the control group at the 24-hour (2.2±1.3 vs. 1.2±1.3; P = 0.015) and 48-hour (3.4±2.0 vs. 2.2±1.8; P = 0.042) intervals. At admission, overall mean serum zinc level was 63.8 mg/dL and 57.1% of children had zinc deficiency with no difference in prevalence between groups. PRAM scores did not differ between children with low and normal zinc status. In conclusion, zinc supplementation as the adjuvant therapy to the standard treatment during asthma exacerbation resulted in rapid lessening of severity. KEYWORDS: Asthma; Child; Dietary supplement; Zinc [The below paper is pdf-availed.] Relationship between tongue strength and 1-year life expectancy in elderly people needing nursing care. Yajima Y, Kikutani T, Tamura F, Yoshida M. Odontology. 2017 Jan 5. doi: 10.1007/s10266-016-0289-7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28058515 Abstract Tongue strength is a useful indicator of oral function and has been found to decrease with aging and reduced physical functioning. The present study aimed to assess the relationships of tongue strength with physical function, mental function, and nutritional status, and also between these factors and 1-year outcomes, to determine whether tongue strength is related to life expectancy in elderly people needing nursing care. The subjects were 140 elderly individuals requiring needing nursing care (49 men and 91 women; ≥65 years). The investigated items included sex, age, activities of daily living (ADL), comorbidity, cognitive function, nutritional status, eating function, occlusal support, and tongue strength. Furthermore, a follow-up study was conducted 1 year later, and factors related to death were identified. The mean tongue strength of the total 140 subjects was 20.3 ± 8.6 kPa. Tongue strength was assessed relative to each of the investigated items, using the t test and one-way analysis of variance. Tongue strength was significantly related to ADL, comorbidity, cognitive function, calf circumference, food intake, and occlusal support. Fifteen subjects were found to have died at the 1-year follow-up study. We assessed the relationships of 1-year outcomes with each of the factors examined, and 1-year outcomes were found to be significantly related to ADL and tongue strength. KEYWORDS: Elderly; Life expectancy; Tongue strength ------------------------------- Table 2 Relationships between death at 1 year and each of the investigated items Death (N) Survive (N) p value Sex Male 7 42 0.316 Female 8 83 Age (years) 65–74 1 23 0.459 75–84 7 58 ≥85 7 44 Barthel index <60 10 40 0.008 ≥60 5 85 Comorbidity Presence 13 96 0.384 Absence 2 2 CDR Normal 4 43 0.197 Very mild dementia 2 36 Dementia 9 46 CC (cm) <31 9 57 0.291 ≥31 6 68 MNA-SF Normal nutritional status 3 48 0.349 At risk of malnutrition 10 67 Malnourished 2 10 Eating function Wet hoarseness Presence 5 17 0.047 Absence 10 108 Prolonged feeding time Presence 4 17 0.181 Absence 4 17 Decreased food intake Presence 4 38 0.766 Absence 11 87 Occlusal support Eichner A 1 25 0.455 Eichner B 5 36 Eichner C 9 64 Tongue strength (kPa) ≤16.8 9 34 0.009 ≥16.9 6 91 ----------------------- CCI Charlson comorbidity index, CDR Washington University Clinical Dementia Rating, CC Calf circumference, MNA-SF mini nutritional assessment-short form Coffee consumption in aged mice increases energy production and decreased hepatic mTOR levels Keita Takahashi, Shuichi Yanai, Kentaro Shimokado, Akihito Ishigami Nutrition Articles in Press DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.021 Publication stage: In Press Accepted Manuscript Published online: January 6, 2017 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.021 Highlights ●We investigated the locomotor activity, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism of aged mice fed coffee. ●Aged mice that consumed either caffeine-containing regular or decaffeinated coffee had decreased plasma-free fatty acids and increased ATP and total phosphorylated mTOR, which is closely associated with aging, in the liver. ●Consumption of regular coffee increased the food and water intake, locomotor activity, volume of oxygen consumption (VCO2), and respiration exchange ratio (RER) of aged mice. ●Coffee, one of the world’s most consumed beverages, has potential anti-aging effects. Abstract Objective Coffee, one of the world’s most consumed beverages, has many benefits. Some studies have reported the effects of coffee on aging. In this study, we investigated the locomotor activity, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism of aged (20-month-old) mice given coffee. Methods Aged C57BL/6NCr mice were divided into three groups that were given no coffee (controls, n = 9), 0.1% regular (caffeinated) coffee (n = 9), or 0.1% decaffeinated coffee (n = 9). This regimen continued for 17 weeks until mice reached the age of 24 months. Results Regular and decaffeinated coffee consumption decreased plasma-free fatty acid levels, increased hepatic ATP content, and decreased total mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) protein content in the liver. However, no differences were found in the protein or activity levels of Akt, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), p70 S6 kinase (S6K), or sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), proteins that are upstream or downstream of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-related pathways. Regular coffee consumption increased food and water intake, locomotor activity, the volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2) production, and the respiration exchange ratio (RER). Conclusion Regular and decaffeinated coffee consumption decreased hepatic total mTOR and p-mTOR levels independently of Akt and AMPK pathways in aged mice. Since decreased mTORC1 activity is known to have anti-aging effects, coffee consumption during old age may retard aging. Moreover, coffee consumption by the aged population had a positive effect on behavioral energy and lipid metabolism. Key words: aging, coffee, decaffeinated coffee, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, mTOR No modifying effect of education level on the association between lifestyle behaviors and cardiovascular mortality: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Eguchi E, Iso H, Honjo K, Yatsuya H, Tamakoshi A. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 6;7:39820. doi: 10.1038/srep39820. PMID: 28057921 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39820 Abstract We examined the effect of education level on the association between healthy lifestyle behaviors and cardiovascular mortality in the Japanese population. A total of 42,647 community-based men and women aged 40-79 years were enrolled at baseline (1988-1990), followed through 2009. The components of the healthy lifestyle score included the intake of fruits, fish, and milk; body mass index; exercise; avoidance of smoking; moderate alcohol intake; and moderate sleep duration. During the 19.3 years of follow-up, 8,314 all-cause and 2,377 total cardiovascular mortality cases were noted. Inverse associations were observed between healthy lifestyle scores and total cardiovascular disease (CVD) for both the lower and higher education level groups. Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CVD mortality from the highest to the lowest healthy lifestyle scores, and the population attributable fraction (95% CIs) without healthy lifestyle scores of 7-8 were 0.51 (0.33-0.52) and 42% (24-58%), and 0.38 (0.27-0.47) and 55% (36-69%) for the higher and lower education levels, respectively. Our findings suggest that the association between higher CVD mortality and lower education level can be explained by the individuals' lower adherence to a healthy lifestyle; hence, lifestyle modification would be beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular mortality, irrespective of the education level. Effects of Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Regression and Metabolic Status of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Vahedpoor Z, Jamilian M, Bahmani F, Aghadavod E, Karamali M, Kashanian M, Asemi Z. Horm Cancer. 2017 Jan 3. doi: 10.1007/s12672-016-0278-x. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28050798 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s12672-016-0278-x Abstract We are not aware of any study examining the effects of long term vitamin D administration on regression and metabolic status of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1). This study was performed to evaluate the effects of long-term vitamin D administration on regression and metabolic status of patients with CIN1. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed among 58 women diagnosed with CIN1. CIN1 diagnosis was performed based on specific diagnostic procedures of biopsy, pathological diagnosis, and colposcopy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to take 50,000 IU vitamin D3 supplements (n = 29) or placebo (n = 29) every 2 weeks for 6 months. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study and end-of-trial to measure related markers. After 6 months of vitamin D administration, greater percentage of women in the vitamin D group had regressed CIN1 (84.6 vs. 53.8%, P = 0.01) than those in the placebo group. Long-term vitamin D supplementation increased serum-25(OH) vitamin D levels in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (+12.3 ± 11.4 vs. -0.1 ± 3.7 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In addition, vitamin D intake led to significant decreases in serum insulin levels (-5.3 ± 7.3 vs. +2.4 ± 5.9 μIU/mL, P < 0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (-1.2 ± 1.6 vs. +0.5 ± 1.2, P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment-Beta cell function (P = 0.005) and a significant elevation in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.03 ± 0.04 vs. -0.007 ± 0.02, P < 0.001) compared with the placebo group. Additionally, significant increases in plasma nitric oxide (NO) (+15.5 ± 10.3 vs. +4.0 ± 13.4 μmol/L, P = 0.001), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P = 0.04), total glutathione (GSH) (+11.8 ± 153.5 vs. -294.2 ± 595.1 μmol/L, P = 0.01) and a significant reduction in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (-0.8 ± 1.0 vs. -0.03 ± 1.4 μmol/L, P = 0.03) were observed following the administration of vitamin D supplements compared with the placebo group. In conclusion, vitamin D3 administration for 6 months among women with CIN1 resulted in its regression and had beneficial effects on markers of insulin metabolism, plasma NO, TAC, GSH and MDA levels. KEYWORDS: CIN1; Metabolic profiles; Regression; Supplementation; Vitamin D People aged 85 and over experience more joint pain than previously recognised. [No authors listed] Nurs Stand. 2011 Oct 26;26(8):17. doi: 10.7748/ns.26.8.17.s24. PMID: 28044692 http://journals.rcni.com/doi/full/10.7748/ns.26.8.17.s24 Abstract The prevalence of arthritis and joint pain among the 'oldest old' may have been underestimated. Researchers in the UK also found that the condition is both more common and more painful in women than men. Arthritis is associated strongly with age, yet few studies have investigated how the condition affects the oldest old – people aged 85 years and older – who will number 3.3 million in the UK by 2033. A new observational cohort study by researchers at Newcastle University found that the lifetime prevalence of arthritis in 85 year olds was 65.4 per cent – higher than suggested by previous studies. A total of 1,049 people aged 85 years participated in the study. Researchers examined general practice records, and drew on health assessments conducted by nurses in the participants’ own home or care home. figure Arthritis is more common and more painful in women than men Picture credit: Getty Knee osteoarthritis and cervical spondylosis were the most common diagnoses. In the 11 joint areas studied, pain occurred more frequently in women in all areas. Women also reported a higher total number of painful joints than men. Many participants identified the knee as the most painful joint, although the foot, ankle and lower back received the highest pain scores. Almost two thirds of the study population reported joint pain in the last month of the study, with 71.7 per cent reporting pain occurring on most days of the month. The authors conclude: ‘The economic burden of musculoskeletal disease in the oldest old is potentially huge and its management presents a major challenge.’ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Prevalence of arthritis and joint pain in the oldest old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ study. Duncan R, Francis RM, Collerton J, Davies K, Jagger C, Kingston A, Kirkwood T, Robinson L, Birrell F. Age Ageing. 2011 Nov;40(6):752-5. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afr105. No abstract available. PMID: 21937515 Free Article http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/6/752.long INFLAMMAGING AND OMICS IN HUMAN LONGEVITY. Monti D, Ostan R, Borelli V, Castellani G, Franceschi C. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 Dec 27. pii: S0047-6374(16)30261-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.008. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28038993 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.008 Abstract Inflammaging is a recent theory of aging originally proposed in 2000 where data and conceptualizations regarding the aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and the evolution of immune responses from invertebrates to mammals converged. This theory has received an increasing number of citations and experimental confirmations. Here we present an updated version of inflammaging focused on omic data - particularly on glycomics - collected on centenarians, supercentenarians and their offspring. Accordingly, we arrived to the following conclusions: i) inflammaging has a structure where specific combinations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved; ii) inflammaging is systemic and more complex than we previously thought, as many organs, tissues and cell types participate in producing pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli conceptualized as "molecular garbage"; iii) inflammaging is dynamic, can be propagated locally to neighboring cells and systemically from organ to organ by circulating products and microvesicles, and amplified by chronic age-related diseases constituting a "local fire" which in turn produces additional inflammatory stimuli and molecular garbage; iv) an integrated Systems Medicine approach is urgently needed to let emerge a robust and highly informative set/combination of omic markers able to better grasp the complex molecular core of inflammaging in elderly and centenarians. KEYWORDS: Inflammaging; N-glycans; Systems Medicine; aging; centenarians Outcomes of Treated Hypertension at Age 80 and Older: Cohort Analysis of 79,376 Individuals. Delgado J, Masoli JA, Bowman K, Strain WD, Kuchel GA, Walters K, Lafortune L, Brayne C, Melzer D, Ble A; As part of the Ageing Well Programme of the NIHR School for Public Health Research, England.. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Dec 30. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14712. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28039870 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.14712/pdf Abstract OBJECTIVES: To estimate outcomes according to attained blood pressure (BP) in the oldest adults treated for hypertension in routine family practice. DESIGN: Cohort analysis of primary care inpatient and death certificate data for individuals with hypertension. SETTING: Primary care practices in England (Clinical Practice Research Datalink). PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 80 and older taking antihypertensive medication and free of dementia, cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and end-stage renal failure at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes were mortality, cardiovascular events, and fragility fractures. Systolic BP (SBP) was grouped in 10-mmHg increments from less than 125 to 185 mmHg or more (reference 145-154 mmHg). RESULTS: Myocardial infarction hazards increased linearly with increasing SBP, and stroke hazards increased for SBP of 145 mmHg or greater, although lowest mortality was in individuals with SBP of 135 to 154 mmHg. Mortality of the 13.1% of patients with SBP less than 135 mmHg was higher than that of the reference group (Cox hazard ratio=1.25, 95% confidence interval=1.19-1.31; equating to one extra death per 12.6 participants). This difference in mortality was consistent over short- and long-term follow-up; adjusting for diastolic BP did not change the risk. Incident heart failure rates were higher in those with SBP less than 125 mmHg than in the reference group. CONCLUSION: In routine primary care, SBP less than 135 mmHg was associated with greater mortality in the oldest adults with hypertension and free of selected potentially confounding comorbidities. Although important confounders were accounted for, observational studies cannot exclude residual confounding. More work is needed to establish whether unplanned SBPs less than 135 mmHg in older adults with hypertension may be a useful clinical sign of poor prognosis, perhaps requiring clinical review of overall care. KEYWORDS: hypertension; mortality; oldest old; outcomes; primary care Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 8, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 8, 2017 Effect of Resting Heart Rate on All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events According to Age. Li K, Yao C, Yang X, Dong L. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Dec 30. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14714. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28039873 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754196/pdf/1880e53.pdf Abstract OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the association between resting heart rate (RHR) and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events differs according to age. DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Community in Beijing, China. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 40 and older without cardiovascular disease at baseline (N = 6,209). MEASUREMENTS: Trained investigators interviewed participants using a standard questionnaire to obtain information on demographic characteristics, medical history and lifestyle risk factors in 1991. RHR was evaluated according to quartiles (<72, 72-76, 76-84, ≥84 beats/min). Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between RHR and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 8.3 years, 840 subjects died, and 676 experienced a cardiovascular event. Higher RHR was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (P trend < .001) and cardiovascular events (P trend = .002) in older (≥60) but not younger (<60) participants (both P trend > .05). There were significant modifying effects of age on the association between RHR and all-cause mortality (P interaction < .001) and cardiovascular events (P interaction =.002). Similar results were observed after exclusion of individuals who died (n = 100) or had a cardiovascular event (n = 45) during the first 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: High RHR appears to be an independent determinant of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in older but not younger individuals. KEYWORDS: cardiovascular disease; cohort study; death; epidemiology; resting heart rate Statins for Primary PreventionThe Debate Is Intense, but the Data Are Weak Rita F. Redberg, MD, MSc; Mitchell H. Katz, MD JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):21-23. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7585 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7585 Journal preamble: A recent issue of JAMA contains the latest US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on statins for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults,1 along with the accompanying evidence report and systematic review2 on which the recommendations are based. The evidence report summarized data from 19 trials including a total of 71 344 patients and concluded that statin therapy was associated with reduced risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Thus, the task force recommended “initiating use of low- to moderate-dose statins in adults aged 40 to 75 years without a history of CVD who have 1 or more CVD risk factors and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 10% or greater (B recommendation)” or “7.5% to 10% (C recommendation).”1 Although the task force did their usual careful job of reviewing the evidence, the evidence for treating asymptomatic persons with statins does not appear to merit a grade B or even a grade C recommendation. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. US Preventive Services Task Force., Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW Jr, García FA, Gillman MW, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Landefeld CS, LeFevre ML, Mangione CM, Phillips WR, Owens DK, Phipps MG, Pignone MP. JAMA. 2016 Nov 15;316(19):1997-2007. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.15450. PMID: 27838723 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2584058?utm_campaign=articlePDF&utm_medium=articlePDFlink&utm_source=articlePDF&utm_content=jamainternmed.2016.7585 Abstract IMPORTANCE: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, accounting for 1 of every 3 deaths among adults. OBJECTIVE: To update the 2008 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for lipid disorders in adults. EVIDENCE REVIEW: The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of dyslipidemia in adults 21 years and older; the benefits and harms of statin use in reducing CVD events and mortality in adults without a history of CVD events; whether the benefits of statin use vary by subgroup, clinical characteristics, or dosage; and the benefits of various treatment strategies in adults 40 years and older without a history of CVD events. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The USPSTF recommends initiating use of low- to moderate-dose statins in adults aged 40 to 75 years without a history of CVD who have 1 or more CVD risk factors (dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, or smoking) and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 10% or greater (B recommendation). The USPSTF recommends that clinicians selectively offer low- to moderate-dose statins to adults aged 40 to 75 years without a history of CVD who have 1 or more CVD risk factors and a calculated 10-year CVD event risk of 7.5% to 10% (C recommendation). The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of initiating statin use in adults 76 years and older (I statement). >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Interpretation and Use of Another Statin Guideline. Greenland P, Bonow RO. JAMA. 2016 Nov 15;316(19):1977-1979. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.15087. No abstract available. PMID: 27838703 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1001/jama.2016.15087 Parental Obesity and Early Childhood Development. Edwina H. Yeung, Rajeshwari Sundaram, Akhgar Ghassabian, Yunlong Xie, Germaine Buck Louis Pediatrics Jan 2017, e20161459; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1459 PMID: 28044047 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/12/29/peds.2016-1459.long http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2016/12/29/peds.2016-1459.full.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Previous studies identified associations between maternal obesity and childhood neurodevelopment, but few examined paternal obesity despite potentially distinct genetic/epigenetic effects related to developmental programming. METHODS: Upstate KIDS (2008–2010) recruited mothers from New York State (excluding New York City) at ∼4 months postpartum. Parents completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) when their children were 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age corrected for gestation. The ASQ is validated to screen for delays in 5 developmental domains (ie, fine motor, gross motor, communication, personal-social functioning, and problem-solving ability). Analyses included 3759 singletons and 1062 nonrelated twins with ≥1 ASQs returned. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by using generalized linear mixed models accounting for maternal covariates (ie, age, race, education, insurance, marital status, parity, and pregnancy smoking). RESULTS: Compared with normal/underweight mothers (BMI <25), children of obese mothers (26% with BMI ≥30) had increased odds of failing the fine motor domain (aOR 1.67; confidence interval 1.12–2.47). The association remained after additional adjustment for paternal BMI (1.67; 1.11–2.52). Paternal obesity (29%) was associated with increased risk of failing the personal-social domain (1.75; 1.13–2.71), albeit attenuated after adjustment for maternal obesity (aOR 1.71; 1.08–2.70). Children whose parents both had BMI ≥35 were likely to additionally fail the problem-solving domain (2.93; 1.09–7.85). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that maternal and paternal obesity are each associated with specific delays in early childhood development, emphasizing the importance of family information when screening child development. A Comparison of the Prevalence of Dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. Langa KM, Larson EB, Crimmins EM, Faul JD, Levine DA, Kabeto MU, Weir DR. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jan 1;177(1):51-58. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6807. PMID: 27893041 http://www.healthyliving.gr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ioi160089.pdf Preamble: This population-based study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to compare the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. Key Points Question Has the prevalence of dementia among older adults in the United States changed between 2000 and 2012? Findings In this observational cohort study of more than 21 000 US adults 65 years or older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study, dementia prevalence declined significantly, from 11.6% in 2000 to 8.8% in 2012. Meaning Population brain health seemed to improve between 2000 and 2012; increasing educational attainment and better control of cardiovascular risk factors may have contributed to the improvement, but the full set of social, behavioral, and medical factors contributing to the improvement is still uncertain. Abstract IMPORTANCE: The aging of the US population is expected to lead to a large increase in the number of adults with dementia, but some recent studies in the United States and other high-income countries suggest that the age-specific risk of dementia may have declined over the past 25 years. Clarifying current and future population trends in dementia prevalence and risk has important implications for patients, families, and government programs. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We used data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative, population-based longitudinal survey of individuals in the United States 65 years or older from the 2000 (n = 10 546) and 2012 (n = 10 511) waves of the HRS. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Dementia was identified in each year using HRS cognitive measures and validated methods for classifying self-respondents, as well as those represented by a proxy. Logistic regression was used to identify socioeconomic and health variables associated with change in dementia prevalence between 2000 and 2012. RESULTS: The study cohorts had an average age of 75.0 years (95% CI, 74.8-75.2 years) in 2000 and 74.8 years (95% CI, 74.5-75.1 years) in 2012 (P = .24); 58.4% (95% CI, 57.3%-59.4%) of the 2000 cohort was female compared with 56.3% (95% CI, 55.5%-57.0%) of the 2012 cohort (P < .001). Dementia prevalence among those 65 years or older decreased from 11.6% (95% CI, 10.7%-12.7%) in 2000 to 8.8% (95% CI, 8.2%-9.4%) (8.6% with age- and sex-standardization) in 2012 (P < .001). More years of education was associated with a lower risk for dementia, and average years of education increased significantly (from 11.8 years [95% CI, 11.6-11.9 years] to 12.7 years [95% CI, 12.6-12.9 years]; P < .001) between 2000 and 2012. The decline in dementia prevalence occurred even though there was a significant age- and sex-adjusted increase between years in the cardiovascular risk profile (eg, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity) among older US adults. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The prevalence of dementia in the United States declined significantly between 2000 and 2012. An increase in educational attainment was associated with some of the decline in dementia prevalence, but the full set of social, behavioral, and medical factors contributing to the decline is still uncertain. Continued monitoring of trends in dementia incidence and prevalence will be important for better gauging the full future societal impact of dementia as the number of older adults increases in the decades ahead. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Dementia Trends in the United States: Read Up and Weigh In. Okonkwo OC, Asthana S. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jan 1;177(1):58-60. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7073. No abstract available. PMID: 27893015 Nonfasting for Routine Lipid Testing: From Evidence to Action. Mora S. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Jul 1;176(7):1005-6. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1979. No abstract available. PMID: 27119719 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1979 "Conclusions Robust evidence supports the use of nonfasting blood draws for routine clinical practice, as this would be highly effective, practical and offer many advantages for cardiovascular risk screening and treatment inmost people compared with amandate to fast. The time has come to move this strong evidence into action." 4. JAMA. 2009 Nov 11;302(18):1993-2000. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1619. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray KK, Thompson A, Wood AM, Lewington S, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Collins R, Thompson SG, Danesh J. PMID: 1990392 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284229/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284229/pdf/ukmss-40889.pdf Abstract CONTEXT: Associations of major lipids and apolipoproteins with the risk of vascular disease have not been reliably quantified. OBJECTIVE: To assess major lipids and apolipoproteins in vascular risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Individual records were supplied on 302,430 people without initial vascular disease from 68 long-term prospective studies, mostly in Europe and North America. During 2.79 million person-years of follow-up, there were 8857 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 3928 coronary heart disease [CHD] deaths, 2534 ischemic strokes, 513 hemorrhagic strokes, and 2536 unclassified strokes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for several conventional factors, were calculated for 1-SD higher values: 0.52 log(e) triglyceride, 15 mg/dL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 43 mg/dL non-HDL-C, 29 mg/dL apolipoprotein AI, 29 mg/dL apolipoprotein B, and 33 mg/dL directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Within-study regression analyses were adjusted for within-person variation and combined using meta-analysis. RESULTS: The rates of CHD per 1000 person-years in the bottom and top thirds of baseline lipid distributions, respectively, were 2.6 and 6.2 with triglyceride, 6.4 and 2.4 with HDL-C, and 2.3 and 6.7 with non-HDL-C. Adjusted HRs for CHD were 0.99 (95% CI, 0.94-1.05) with triglyceride, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.74-0.82) with HDL-C, and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.39-1.61) with non-HDL-C. Hazard ratios were at least as strong in participants who did not fast as in those who did. The HR for CHD was 0.35 (95% CI, 0.30-0.42) with a combination of 80 mg/dL lower non-HDL-C and 15 mg/dL higher HDL-C. For the subset with apolipoproteins or directly measured LDL-C, HRs were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.38-1.62) with the ratio non-HDL-C/HDL-C, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.39-1.60) with the ratio apo B/apo AI, 1.42 (95% CI, 1.06-1.91) with non-HDL-C, and 1.38 (95% CI, 1.09-1.73) with directly measured LDL-C. Hazard ratios for ischemic stroke were 1.02 (95% CI, 0.94-1.11) with triglyceride, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.84-1.02) with HDL-C, and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.20) with non-HDL-C. CONCLUSION: Lipid assessment in vascular disease can be simplified by measurement of either total and HDL cholesterol levels or apolipoproteins without the need to fast and without regard to triglyceride. Effectiveness of Screening Colonoscopy to Prevent Colorectal Cancer Among Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 70 to 79 Years: A Prospective Observational Study Xabier García-Albéniz, MD, PhD; John Hsu, MD, MBA, MSCE; Michael Bretthauer, MD, PhD; Miguel A. Hernán Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(1):18-26. DOI: 10.7326/M16-0758 http://sci-hub.cc/10.7326/M16-0758 Abstract Background: No randomized, controlled trials of screening colonoscopy have been completed, and ongoing trials exclude persons aged 75 years or older. The Medicare program, however, reimburses screening colonoscopy without an upper age limit. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of screening colonoscopy to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) in persons aged 70 to 74 and those aged 75 to 79 years. Design: Large-scale, population-based, prospective study. The observational data were used to emulate a target trial with 2 groups: colonoscopy screening and no screening. Setting: United States. Participants: 1 355 692 Medicare beneficiaries (2004 to 2012) aged 70 to 79 years at average risk for CRC who used Medicare preventive services and had no previous diagnostic or surveillance colonoscopies in the past 5 years. Measurements: 8-year risk for CRC and 30-day risk for adverse events. Results: In beneficiaries aged 70 to 74 years, the 8-year risk for CRC was 2.19% (95% CI, 2.00% to 2.37%) in the screening colonoscopy group and 2.62% (CI, 2.56% to 2.67%) in the no-screening group (absolute risk difference, −0.42% [CI, −0.24% to −0.63%]). Among those aged 75 to 79 years, the 8-year risk for CRC was 2.84% (CI, 2.54% to 3.13%) in the screening colonoscopy group and 2.97% (CI, 2.92% to 3.03%) in the no-screening group (risk difference, −0.14% [CI, −0.41 to 0.16]). The excess 30-day risk for any adverse event in the colonoscopy group was 5.6 events per 1000 individuals (CI, 4.4 to 6.8) in the 70- to 74-year age group and 10.3 per 1000 (CI, 8.6 to 11.1) in the 75- to 79-year age group. Limitation: CRC-specific mortality was not available, but CRC incidence and stage were studied at diagnosis. Conclusion: Screening colonoscopy may have had a modest benefit in preventing CRC in beneficiaries aged 70 to 74 years and a smaller benefit in older beneficiaries. The risk for adverse events was low but greater among older persons. Effects of free sugars on blood pressure and lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nutritional isoenergetic intervention trials. Fattore E, Botta F, Agostoni C, Bosetti C. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec 21. pii: ajcn139253. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139253. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28003201 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/ajcn.116.139253 Abstract BACKGROUND: Sugar has been suggested as a central risk factor in the development of noncommunicable diseases. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the evidence of the effects of free sugars compared with complex carbohydrates on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors. DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials to compare diets that provide a given amount of energy from free sugars with a control diet that provides the same amount of energy from complex carbohydrates. The primary outcomes were: blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoproteins A-I and B, or very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body weight was also recorded but was not a primary outcome of the studies. RESULTS: In all, 28 studies involving 510 volunteers were included. When free sugars were substituted for complex carbohydrates, no significant increases were detected in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and no heterogeneity was observed. There were significant increases in HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols, although for LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols there was significant heterogeneity between studies and evidence of publication bias. After adjustment for missing studies, these increases lost significance. Subgroup analyses showed that diets providing the largest total energy intake and energy exchange enhanced the effect of free sugars on total and LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols. The increase of triacylglycerols was no longer significant when studies with the highest risk of bias were excluded or when only randomized trials were considered. Free sugars had no effect on body weight. CONCLUSIONS: In short- or moderate-term isoenergetic intervention trials, the substitution of free sugars for complex carbohydrates had no effect on blood pressure or body weight and an unclear effect on blood lipid profile. Further independent trials are required to assess whether the reduction of free sugars improves cardiovascular disease risk factors. This review was registered at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prosperoas CRD42016042930. KEYWORDS: blood pressure; body weight; cholesterol; complex carbohydrates; free sugars; intervention trials; meta-analysis; triacylglycerols Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, Meakin JR, Greig CA, Aspden RM, Thies F, Jeromson S, Hamilton DL, Speakman JR, Hambly C, Mangoni AA, Preston T, Gray SR. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):151-158. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140780. PMID: 27852617 Free Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183731/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183731/pdf/ajcn140780.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise increases muscle mass and function in older adults, but responses are attenuated compared with younger people. Data suggest that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may enhance adaptations to resistance exercise in older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not been investigated in men. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on resistance exercise training-induced increases in muscle mass and function and whether these effects differ between older men and women. DESIGN: Fifty men and women [men: n = 27, mean ± SD age: 70.6 ± 4.5 y, mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.6 ± 4.2; women: n = 23, mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 3.3 y, mean ± SD BMI: 25.3 ± 4.7] were randomly assigned to either long-chain n-3 PUFA (n = 23; 3 g fish oil/d) or placebo (n = 27; 3 g safflower oil/d) and participated in lower-limb resistance exercise training twice weekly for 18 wk. Muscle size, strength, and quality (strength per unit muscle area), functional abilities, and circulating metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Maximal isometric torque increased after exercise training to a greater (P < 0.05) extent in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group in women, with no differences (P > 0.05) between groups in men. In both sexes, the effect of exercise training on maximal isokinetic torque at 30, 90, and 240° s-1, 4-m walk time, chair-rise time, muscle anatomic cross-sectional area, and muscle fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. There was a greater (P < 0.05) increase in muscle quality in women after exercise training in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group, with no such differences in men (P > 0.05). Long-chain n-3 PUFAs resulted in a greater decrease (P < 0.05) than the placebo in plasma triglyceride concentrations in both sexes, with no differences (P > 0.05) in glucose, insulin, or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation augments increases in muscle function and quality in older women but not in older men after resistance exercise training. KEYWORDS: aging; exercise; fatty acids; muscle; sarcopenia A prospective study of water intake and subsequent risk of all-cause mortality in a national cohort. Kant AK, Graubard BI. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):212-220. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143826. http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/ajcn.116.143826 PMID: 27903521 Abstract BACKGROUND: Water, an essential nutrient, is believed to be related to a variety of health outcomes. Published studies have examined the association of fluid or beverage intake with risk of mortality from coronary diseases, diabetes, or cancer, but few studies have examined the association of total water intake with all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE: We examined prospective risk of mortality from all causes in relation to intakes of total water and each of the 3 water sources. DESIGN: We used public-domain, mortality-linked water intake data from the NHANES conducted in 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 for this prospective cohort study (n = 12,660 women and 12,050 men; aged ≥25 y). Mortality follow-up was completed through 31 December 2011. We used sex-specific Cox proportional hazards regression methods that were appropriate for complex surveys to examine the independent associations of plain water, beverage water, water in foods, and total water with multiple covariate-adjusted risk of mortality from all causes. RESULTS: Over a median of 11.4 y of follow-up, 3504 men and 3032 women died of any cause in this cohort. In men, neither total water intake nor each of the individual water source variables (plain water, water in beverages, and water in foods) was independently related with risk of all-cause mortality. In women, risk of mortality increased slightly in the highest quartile of total or plain water intake but did not approach the Bonferroni-corrected level of significance of P < 0.002. CONCLUSIONS: There was no survival advantage in association with higher total or plain water intake in men or women in this national cohort. The slight increase in risk of mortality noted in women with higher total and plain water intakes may be spurious and requires further investigation. KEYWORDS: NHANES; all-cause mortality; beverages; fluid; food moisture; plain water; prospective cohort; water intake Higher serum phenylalanine concentration is associated with more rapid telomere shortening in men. Eriksson JG, Guzzardi MA, Iozzo P, Kajantie E, Kautiainen H, Salonen MK. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):144-150. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130468. PMID: 27881392 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/ajcn.116.130468 Abstract BACKGROUND: Telomere length and telomere shortening are associated with age-related health outcomes. Only a few studies have been able to longitudinally report on factors that are associated with changes in telomere length in an aging population. OBJECTIVE: We studied the longitudinal relation between telomere length, the change in telomere length, and circulating amino acids. DESIGN: A total of 812 subjects from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (born from 1934 to 1944), who underwent 3 clinical visits during a 10-y interval that included measurements of cardiometabolic risk factors, were included in the study. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured with the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Circulating branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (alanine, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, and tyrosine) were assessed with the use of high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: The relative ± SD LTL at a mean age of 71 y was 0.79 ± 0.27 in men and 0.89 ± 0.35 in women (P < 0.001). Of the studied amino acids, the strongest inverse association was observed between the phenylalanine concentration that was measured 5 y earlier and the LTL. This finding was significant in men (P = 0.021) and remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, but it was not significant in women (P = 0.39). Longitudinally, the change in LTL over 10 y was inversely associated with the phenylalanine concentration in men (P = 0.007) but not in women (P = 0.58) after adjustment for baseline LTL, age, smoking, and percentage of body fat. CONCLUSIONS: The serum phenylalanine concentration is associated with telomere length and, therefore, potentially with the aging process. Because the associations reported are observational, no conclusions can be made regarding causality. Our findings support the hypothesis that cellular pathways that regulate aging are sex specific. © 2017 American Society for Nutrition. KEYWORDS: aging; amino acids; longitudinal study; phenylalanine; telomere shortening; telomeres Total red meat intake of ≥0.5 servings/d does not negatively influence cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systemically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. O'Connor LE, Kim JE, Campbell WW. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jan;105(1):57-69. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.142521. PMID: 27881394 Abstract http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/ajcn.116.142521 BACKGROUND: Observational associations between red meat intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are inconsistent. There are limited comprehensive analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigate the effects of red meat consumption on CVD risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematically searched meta-analysis was to assess the effects of consuming ≥0.5 or <0.5 servings of total red meat/d on CVD risk factors [blood total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol (TC:HDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively)]. We hypothesized that the consumption of ≥0.5 servings of total red meat/d would have a negative effect on these CVD risk factors. DESIGN: Two researchers independently screened 945 studies from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases and extracted data from 24 qualified RCTs. Inclusion criteria were 1) RCT, 2) subjects aged ≥19 y, 3) consumption of ≥0.5 or <0.5 total red meat servings/d [35 g (1.25 ounces)], and 4) reporting ≥1 CVD risk factor. We performed an adjusted 2-factor nested ANOVA mixed-effects model procedure on the postintervention values of TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TC:HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, SBP, and DBP; calculated overall effect sizes of change values; and used a repeated-measures ANOVA to assess pre- to postintervention changes. RESULTS: Red meat intake did not affect lipid-lipoprotein profiles or blood pressure values postintervention (P > 0.05) or changes over time [weighted mean difference (95% CI): -0.01 mmol/L (-0.08, 0.06 mmol/L), 0.02 mmol/L (-0.05, 0.08 mmol/L), 0.03 mmol/L (-0.01, 0.07 mmol/L), and 0.04 mmol/L (-0.02, 0.10 mmol/L); -0.08 mm Hg (-0.26, 0.11 mm Hg); and -1.0 mm Hg (-2.4, 0.78 mm Hg) and 0.1 mm Hg (-1.2, 1.5 mm Hg) for TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TC:HDL cholesterol, SBP, and DBP, respectively]. Among all subjects, TC, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TC:HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and DBP, but not SBP, decreased over time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this systematically searched meta-analysis of RCTs support the idea that the consumption of ≥0.5 servings of total red meat/d does not influence blood lipids and lipoproteins or blood pressures. KEYWORDS: animal flesh; blood lipids; blood lipoproteins; blood pressure; diet; dietary guidance; meat; meat products "During the time this manuscript was being developed and written, WWC received research support from American Egg Board–Egg Nutrition Center, Beef Checkoff, Coca-Cola Foundation, National Dairy Council, National Institutes of Health, Pork Checkoff, and USDA and had a consulting arrangement with Coca-Cola Company. None of these organizations provided support to conduct this meta-analysis. WWC also served on the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and was a member of the Advisory Council on Nutrition and Healthy Food Choices, Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research. JEK received support from the American Egg Board–Egg Nutrition Center. " [The first below paper is not pdf-availed.] Breaking down, starting up: can a vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplement before exercise increase collagen synthesis? Levine M, Violet PC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec 21. pii: ajcn148312. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.148312. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 28003207 Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. Shaw G, Lee-Barthel A, Ross ML, Wang B, Baar K. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Nov 16. pii: ajcn138594. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27852613 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/ajcn.116.148312 Abstract BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common complaint in active populations. More than 50% of all injuries in sports can be classified as sprains, strains, ruptures, or breaks of musculoskeletal tissues. Nutritional and/or exercise interventions that increase collagen synthesis and strengthen these tissues could have an important effect on injury rates. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether gelatin supplementation could increase collagen synthesis. DESIGN: Eight healthy male subjects completed a randomized, double-blinded, crossover-design study in which they consumed either 5 or 15 g of vitamin C-enriched gelatin or a placebo control. After the initial drink, blood was taken every 30 min to determine amino acid content in the blood. A larger blood sample was taken before and 1 h after consumption of gelatin for treatment of engineered ligaments. One hour after the initial supplement, the subjects completed 6 min of rope-skipping to stimulate collagen synthesis. This pattern of supplementation was repeated 3 times/d with ≥6 h between exercise bouts for 3 d. Blood was drawn before and 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after the first exercise bout for determination of amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I content. RESULTS: Supplementation with increasing amounts of gelatin increased circulating glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine, peaking 1 h after the supplement was given. Engineered ligaments treated for 6 d with serum from samples collected before or 1 h after subjects consumed a placebo or 5 or 15 g gelatin showed increased collagen content and improved mechanics. Subjects who took 15 g gelatin 1 h before exercise showed double the amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I in their blood, indicating increased collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that adding gelatin to an intermittent exercise program improves collagen synthesis and could play a beneficial role in injury prevention and tissue repair. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12616001092482. KEYWORDS: bone; exercise; inury prevention; ligament; return to play; tendon Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 9, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 9, 2017 A randomized controlled trial to study the effects of breakfast on energy intake, physical activity, and body fat in women who are nonhabitual breakfast eaters. LeCheminant GM, LeCheminant JD, Tucker LA, Bailey BW. Appetite. 2017 Jan 4. pii: S0195-6663(16)31031-5. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.041. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28063876 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.041 Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of eating breakfast on energy intake, physical activity, body weight, and body fat in women who are nonhabitual breakfast eaters over a four-week period. METHODS: Forty-nine women who were nonhabitual breakfast-eaters were randomized to one of two conditions: breakfast or no breakfast. Breakfast eaters were required to eat at least 15% of their daily energy requirement before 8:30 a.m. Non-breakfast eaters did not consume any energy until after 11:30 a.m. Weight and body fat were assessed at baseline and after four weeks of intervention. Body fat was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Participants completed seven 24-hour recalls to assess dietary intake during the intervention. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry for 32 consecutive days. RESULTS: On average, the participants randomized to eat breakfast consumed 266 ± 496 (F = 12.81; P < 0.01) more calories per day over the course of the study and weighed 0.7 ± 0.8 kg (F = 7.81; p < 0.01) more at the end of the intervention. There was no observed caloric compensation at subsequent meals and no change in self-reported hunger or satiety. There was also no physical activity compensation with the addition of breakfast. CONCLUSION: The findings of our study showed that requiring non-breakfast eaters to eat breakfast resulted in higher caloric intake and weight gain. Future research should evaluate this relationship for a longer period of time to see if adding breakfast to the diet of women who generally do not eat breakfast results in adaptive behavior change over time. KEYWORDS: Body composition; Body fat; Breakfast; Daily energy intake; List of tables; Morning meal; Physical activity Season of birth and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. Si J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Li X, Yang L, Chen Y, Sun H, Yu B, Chen J, Chen Z, Lv J, Li L; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group.. Diabetologia. 2017 Jan 7. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4200-4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28064359 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s00125-016-4200-4 Abstract AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Season of birth as a surrogate for potential environmental exposure during fetal development and early postnatal life has shown an inconsistent association with adult type 2 diabetes in white populations living in high-latitude regions. The present study aimed to examine the association between birth seasonality and risk of adult type 2 diabetes in Chinese individuals living across wide regions of low latitude and lower to middle latitude. METHODS: Participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank were enrolled during 2004-2008 and followed up until 31 December 2013. After excluding participants with cancer, heart disease, stroke and diabetes at baseline, the present study included 189,153 men and 272,058 women aged 30-79 years. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the HR and 95% CI. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.2 years (3.3 million person-years), we documented 8784 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. In the whole cohort, compared with summer-born participants, the adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.09 (1.02, 1.16), 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) and 1.09 (1.02, 1.15) for those who were born in Spring, Autumn and Winter, respectively. The association was consistent in both men and women and across subgroups defined by residence and lifestyle factors later in life. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In this large prospective study, participants born in summer had a lower risk of adult type 2 diabetes compared with other seasons of birth, suggesting exposures in early life with some degree of seasonal variation might influence the risk of adult diabetes. KEYWORDS: Fetal development; Seasons; Type 2 diabetes Dietary fibre for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Yao Y, Suo T, Andersson R, Cao Y, Wang C, Lu J, Chui E. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 8;1:CD003430. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003430.pub2. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PMID: 28064440 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1002/14651858.CD003430.pub2 Abstract BACKGROUND: This is an update of the Cochrane review published in 2002.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. Experimental evidence has supported the hypothesis that dietary fibre may protect against the development of CRC, although epidemiologic data have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of dietary fibre on the recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps in people with a known history of adenomatous polyps and on the incidence of CRC compared to placebo. Further, to identify the reported incidence of adverse effects, such as abdominal pain or diarrhoea, that resulted from the fibre intervention. SEARCH METHODS: We identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from Cochrane Colorectal Cancer's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase (search date, 4 April 2016). We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Trials Registry Platform on October 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs or quasi-RCTs. The population were those having a history of adenomatous polyps, but no previous history of CRC, and repeated visualisation of the colon/rectum after at least two-years' follow-up. Dietary fibre was the intervention. The primary outcomes were the number of participants with: 1. at least one adenoma, 2. more than one adenoma, 3. at least one adenoma greater than or equal to 1 cm, or 4. a new diagnosis of CRC. The secondary outcome was the number of adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data, assessed trial quality and resolved discrepancies by consensus. We used risk ratios (RR) and risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to measure the effect. If statistical significance was reached, we reported the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) or harmful outcome (NNTH). We combined the study data using the fixed-effect model if it was clinically, methodologically, and statistically reasonable. MAIN RESULTS: We included seven studies, of which five studies with 4798 participants provided data for analyses in this review. The mean ages of the participants ranged from 56 to 66 years. All participants had a history of adenomas, which had been removed to achieve a polyp-free colon at baseline. The interventions were wheat bran fibre, ispaghula husk, or a comprehensive dietary intervention with high fibre whole food sources alone or in combination. The comparators were low-fibre (2 to 3 g per day), placebo, or a regular diet. The combined data showed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups for the number of participants with at least one adenoma (5 RCTs, n = 3641, RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.13, low-quality evidence), more than one adenoma (2 RCTs, n = 2542, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.20, low-quality evidence), or at least one adenoma 1 cm or greater (4 RCTs, n = 3224, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.20, low-quality evidence) at three to four years. The results on the number of participants diagnosed with colorectal cancer favoured the control group over the dietary fibre group (2 RCTS, n = 2794, RR 2.70, 95% CI 1.07 to 6.85, low-quality evidence). After 8 years of comprehensive dietary intervention, no statistically significant difference was found in the number of participants with at least one recurrent adenoma (1 RCT, n = 1905, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.20), or with more than one adenoma (1 RCT, n = 1905, RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.24). More participants given ispaghula [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllium]husk group had at least one recurrent adenoma than the control group (1 RCT, n = 376, RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.08). Other analyses by types of fibre intervention were not statistically significant. The overall dropout rate was over 16% in these trials with no reasons given for these losses. Sensitivity analysis incorporating these missing data shows that none of the results can be considered as robust; when the large numbers of participants lost to follow-up were assumed to have had an event or not, the results changed sufficiently to alter the conclusions that we would draw. Therefore, the reliability of the findings may have been compromised by these missing data (attrition bias) and should be interpreted with caution. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of evidence from existing RCTs to suggest that increased dietary fibre intake will reduce the recurrence of adenomatous polyps in those with a history of adenomatous polyps within a two to eight year period. However, these results may be unreliable and should be interpreted cautiously, not only because of the high rate of loss to follow-up, but also because adenomatous polyp is a surrogate outcome for the unobserved true endpoint CRC. Longer-term trials with higher dietary fibre levels are needed to enable confident conclusion. Whole-Body Docosahexaenoic Acid Synthesis-Secretion Rates in Rats Are Constant across a Large Range of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Intakes. Domenichiello AF, Kitson AP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Hopperton KE, Stavro PM, Bazinet RP. J Nutr. 2017 Jan;147(1):37-44. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.232074. PMID: 27852871 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/jn.116.232074 Abstract BACKGROUND: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an ω-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) thought to be important for brain function. Although the main dietary source of DHA is fish, DHA can also be synthesized from α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is derived from plants. Enzymes involved in DHA synthesis are also active toward ω-6 (n-6) PUFAs to synthesize docosapentaenoic acid n-6 (DPAn-6). It is unclear whether DHA synthesis from ALA is sufficient to maintain brain DHA. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine how different amounts of dietary ALA would affect whole-body DHA and DPAn-6 synthesis rates. METHODS: Male Long-Evans rats were fed an ALA-deficient diet (ALA-D), an ALA-adequate (ALA-A) diet, or a high-ALA (ALA-H) diet for 8 wk from weaning. Dietary ALA concentrations were 0.07%, 3%, and 10% of the fatty acids, and ALA was the only dietary PUFA that differed between the diets. After 8 wk, steady-state stable isotope infusion of labeled ALA and linoleic acid (LA) was performed to determine the in vivo synthesis-secretion rates of DHA and DPAn-6. RESULTS: Rats fed the ALA-A diet had an ∼2-fold greater capacity to synthesize DHA than did rats fed the ALA-H and ALA-D diets, and a DHA synthesis rate that was similar to that of rats fed the ALA-H diet. However, rats fed the ALA-D diet had a 750% lower DHA synthesis rate than rats fed the ALA-A and ALA-H diets. Despite enrichment into arachidonic acid, we did not detect any labeled LA appearing as DPAn-6. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing dietary ALA from 3% to 10% of fatty acids did not increase DHA synthesis rates, because of a decreased capacity to synthesize DHA in rats fed the ALA-H diet. Tissue concentrations of DPAn-6 may be explained at least in part by longer plasma half-lives. KEYWORDS: docosahexaenoic acid; kinetics; synthesis; α-linolenic acid; ω-3 PUFA Dietary Leucine Supplementation Decreases Whole-Body Protein Turnover before, but Not during, Immune System Stimulation in Pigs. Rudar M, Zhu CL, de Lange CF. J Nutr. 2017 Jan;147(1):45-51. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.236893. PMID: 27798336 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/jn.116.236893 https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/9775/Rudar_Marko_201606_PhD.pdf?sequence=3 Abstract BACKGROUND: Immune system stimulation (ISS) adversely affects protein metabolism and reduces pig productivity. Leu has a regulatory role in skeletal muscle and whole-body protein turnover, which may be affected by ISS. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effect of supplemental Leu intake on whole-body protein turnover in pigs before and during ISS. METHODS: Pigs [mean ± SD initial body weight (BW): 10.6 ± 1.1 kg] were surgically fitted with jugular vein catheters and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1.36% standardized ileal-digestible (SID) Leu (CON; n = 13); 2.04% SID Leu (LEU-M; n = 8); and 2.72% SID Leu (LEU-H; n = 7). Pigs were infused continuously with 0.66 ± 0.05 mmol 15N ⋅ kg BW-1 ⋅ d-1 to determine whole-body protein kinetics. The study consisted of a 72-h prechallenge period followed by a 36-h challenge period. At the start of the challenge period, ISS was induced in all LEU-M and LEU-H pigs and half of the CON pigs with LPS (ISS+); the remaining CON pigs were administered saline (ISS-). RESULTS: Whole-body protein synthesis (309, 273, and 260 ± 14 mmol N ⋅ kg BW-1 ⋅ d-1 for CON, LEU-M, and LEU-H pigs, respectively) and protein degradation (233, 203, and 185 ± 14 mmol N ⋅ kg BW-1 ⋅ d-1 for CON, LEU-M, and LEU-H pigs, respectively) were reduced with increasing Leu intake during the prechallenge period (P < 0.05). ISS reduced whole-body protein synthesis (203 compared with 169 ± 12 mmol N ⋅ kg BW-1 ⋅ d-1 for ISS- and ISS+ pigs fed CON, respectively; P < 0.05) and protein deposition (PD) (64.9 compared with 45.0 ± 2.9 mmol N ⋅ kg BW-1 ⋅ d-1 for ISS- and ISS+ pigs fed CON, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas ISS did not affect whole-body protein degradation. Leu intake did not affect whole-body protein synthesis or degradation in ISS+ pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that supplemental Leu intake improves the efficiency of PD rather than PD directly in healthy pigs but did not affect whole-body protein turnover during ISS. KEYWORDS: immune system stimulation; leucine; pigs; protein deposition; whole-body protein turnover Maternal Circadian Eating Time and Frequency Are Associated with Blood Glucose Concentrations during Pregnancy. Loy SL, Chan JK, Wee PH, Colega MT, Cheung YB, Godfrey KM, Kwek K, Saw SM, Chong YS, Natarajan P, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Lek N, Chong MF, Yap F. J Nutr. 2017 Jan;147(1):70-77. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.239392. PMID: 27798346 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/jn.116.239392 Abstract BACKGROUND: Synchronizing eating schedules to daily circadian rhythms may improve metabolic health, but its association with gestational glycemia is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association of maternal night-fasting intervals and eating episodes with blood glucose concentrations during pregnancy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study within a prospective cohort in Singapore. Maternal 24-h dietary recalls, fasting glucose, and 2-h glucose concentrations were ascertained at 26-28 wk gestation for 1061 women (aged 30.7 ± 5.1 y). Night-fasting intervals were based on the longest fasting duration during the night (1900-0659). Eating episodes were defined as events that provided >50 kcal, with a time interval between eating episodes of ≥15 min. Multiple linear regressions with adjustment for confounders were conducted. RESULTS: Mean ± SD night-fasting intervals and eating episodes per day were 9.9 ± 1.6 h and 4.2 ± 1.3 times/d, respectively; fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations were 4.4 ± 0.5 and 6.6 ± 1.5 mmol/L, respectively. In adjusted models, each hourly increase in night-fasting intervals was associated with a 0.03 mmol/L decrease in fasting glucose (95% CI: -0.06, -0.01 mmol/L), whereas each additional daily eating episode was associated with a 0.15 mmol/L increase in 2-h glucose (95% CI: 0.03, 0.28 mmol/L). Conversely, night-fasting intervals and daily eating episodes were not associated with 2-h and fasting glucose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increased maternal night-fasting intervals and reduced eating episodes per day were associated with decreased fasting glucose and 2-h glucose, respectively, in the late-second trimester of pregnancy. This points to potential alternative strategies to improve glycemic control in pregnant women. KEYWORDS: food timing; gestational diabetes; hyperglycemia; meal frequency; pregnancy diet 'Greed, competing interests and poor information' drive over- and underuse of medicine worldwide, expert says Thomson Reuters Posted: Jan 09, 2017 http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/overdiagnose-underuse-1.3927847 Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing can cause avoidable harms at the same time as wasting resources better spent on much-needed services. (Sherry Vivian/CBC) Up to 70 per cent of hysterectomies in the United States, a quarter of knee replacements in Spain and more than half the antibiotics prescribed in China are inappropriate, overused healthcare, researchers said on Monday. Experts who carried out a series of studies across the world found that medicine and healthcare are routinely both over- and underused, causing avoidable harm and suffering and wasting precious resources. The studies, commissioned by The Lancet journal and conducted by 27 international specialists, also found rates of Caesarian section deliveries are soaring — often in women who do not need them — while the simple use of steroids to prevent premature births has lagged for 40 years. "A common tragedy in both wealthy and poor countries is the use of expensive and sometimes ineffective technology while low-cost effective interventions are neglected," the experts wrote in a statement about their findings. Antibiotic resistance poses threat to routine surgery, doctors warn The World Health Organization estimates that 6.2 million excess C-sections are performed each year — 50 per cent of them in Brazil and China alone. Vikas Saini, one of the lead authors of the study series and president of the U.S. Lown Institute in Boston, said factors driving the global failure to the right level of care include "greed, competing interests and poor information," which he said combine to create "an ecosystem of poor healthcare delivery." Co-lead researcher Shannon Brownlee added: "Patients and citizens need to understand what's at stake here if their health systems fail to address these twin problems. In the U.S., we are wasting billions of dollars that should be devoted to improving the nation's health." The study series analysed the scope, causes and consequences of underuse and overuse of healthcare around the world. It found that both can occur in the same country, the same organization or health facility, and even afflict the same patient. The researchers noted that a study in China found 57 per cent of patients received inappropriate antibiotics; that inappropriate hysterectomies in the United States range from 16 to 70 per cent; and inappropriate total knee replacement rates were 26 per cent in Spain and 34 per cent in the United States. Rates of inappropriate hysterectomies were 20 per cent in Taiwan and 13 per cent in Switzerland, they found. Underuse leaves patients "vulnerable to avoidable disease and suffering" the researchers said, while overuse causes avoidable harms from tests or treatments at the same time as wasting resources better spent on much-needed services. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Drivers of poor medical care Vikas Saini, Sandra Garcia-Armesto, David Klemperer, Valerie Paris, Adam G Elshaug, Shannon Brownlee, John P A Ioannidis, Elliott S Fisher Lancet, in press, JANUARY 9, 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30947-3 | Summary The global ubiquity of overuse and underuse of health-care resources and the gravity of resulting harms necessitate an investigation of drivers to inform potential solutions. We describe the network of influences that contribute to poor care and suggest that it is driven by factors that fall into three domains: money and finance; knowledge, bias, and uncertainty; and power and human relationships. In each domain the drivers operate at the global, national, regional, and individual level, and are modulated by the specific contexts within which they act. We discuss in detail drivers of poor care in each domain. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Lancer in press JANUARY 9, 2017 JANUARY 8, 2017 SERIES -------------------- Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world Shannon Brownlee, Kalipso Chalkidou, Jenny Doust, Adam G Elshaug, Paul Glasziou, Iona Heath, Somil Nagpal, Vikas Saini, Divya Srivastava, Kelsey Chalmers, Deborah Korenstein --------------------- Avoiding overuse—the next quality frontier Donald M Berwick -------------------- PERSPECTIVES Vikas Saini: leading activist in the Right Care Alliance Richard Lane --------------------- From universal health coverage to right care for health Sabine Kleinert, Richard Horton --------------------------- Levers for addressing medical underuse and overuse: achieving high-value health care Adam G Elshaug, Meredith B Rosenthal, John N Lavis, Shannon Brownlee, Harald Schmidt, Somil Nagpal, Peter Littlejohns, Divya Srivastava, Sean Tunis, Vikas Saini ------------------- COMMENT Addressing overuse and underuse around the world Vikas Saini, Shannon Brownlee, Adam G Elshaug, Paul Glasziou, Iona Heath -------------------- Evidence for underuse of effective medical services around the world Paul Glasziou, Sharon Straus, Shannon Brownlee, Lyndal Trevena, Leonila Dans, Gordon Guyatt, Adam G Elshaug, Robert Janett, Vikas Saini Plasma Inflammation Markers of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Pathway but Not C-Reactive Protein Are Associated with Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption in Bavarian Adults. Schwedhelm C, Pischon T, Rohrmann S, Himmerich H, Linseisen J, Nimptsch K. J Nutr. 2017 Jan;147(1):78-85. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.237180. PMID: 27798340 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/jn.116.237180 Abstract BACKGROUND: High consumption of red and processed meats has been linked to higher chronic disease risk. It has been hypothesized that inflammation markers may mediate part of this association. Most previous studies on the association of red meat intake with circulating inflammation markers used C-reactive protein (CRP) but rarely other markers, and not all differentiated between processed meat and unprocessed red meat. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the cross-sectional association of processed meat and unprocessed red meat consumption with plasma concentrations of CRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptor (sTNF-R) 1, and sTNF-R2 in German adults. METHODS: Inflammation markers were quantified in the plasma of 553 adults (233 men and 320 women) aged 18-80 y within the cross-sectional Bavarian Food Consumption Survey II. Dietary intake was estimated from three 24-h dietary recalls. The association between red meat consumption and inflammation markers was analyzed with the use of multivariable-adjusted linear regression. RESULTS: Processed meat consumption was borderline significantly associated with higher IL-6 [relative difference per 50-g increment: 5% (95% CI: -1%, 10%)] but not with CRP (2%; 95% CI: -6%, 10%), and it was inversely associated with total TNF-α (-3%; 95% CI: -6%, -1%), sTNF-R1 (-3%; 95% CI: -4%, -1%), and sTNF-R2 (-2%; 95% CI: -4%, 0%) concentrations. Unprocessed red meat consumption was not associated with CRP (-5%; 95% CI: -15%, 5%) or IL-6 (-1%; 95% CI: -9%, 7%) but was inversely associated with sTNF-R1 (-3%; 95% CI: -5%, -1%) and sTNF-R2 (-4%; 95% CI: -7%, -2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an inverse association between both processed meat and unprocessed red meat with inflammation markers of the TNF pathway in Bavarian adults but no association with CRP. Further research on the role of TNF pathway markers in chronic inflammation is warranted. KEYWORDS: C-reactive protein; IL-6; TNF-α; inflammation; processed meat; soluble TNF receptor; unprocessed red meat A Carbohydrate-Rich Beverage Prior to Surgery Prevents Surgery-Induced Immunodepression: A Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial. Melis GC, van Leeuwen PA, von Blomberg-van der Flier BM, Goedhart-Hiddinga AC, Uitdehaag BM, van Schijndel RJ, Wuisman PI, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(1):21-26. doi: 10.1177/014860710603000121. PMID: 28059013 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/014860710603000121 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014860710603000121 Abstract BACKGROUND: Fasting before surgery is still common care in a lot of western hospitals. Overnight fasting can induce postoperative insulin resistance. Insulin resistance has been shown to be related to infectious morbidity. It was shown that postoperative insulin resistance can be attenuated by preoperative intake of a clear carbohydrate-rich beverage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether preoperative intake of carbohydrate-rich beverages could postoperatively influence the immune system. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled study, we investigated the effect of surgery on the postoperative immune response in 10 preoperatively fasted patients (control) and 2 groups of 10 patients receiving 2 different carbohydrate-rich beverages preoperatively, by measuring human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on monocytes on the day before and on the day after surgery. Furthermore, we studied perioperative fluid homeostasis and preoperative well-being of the patients. RESULTS: HLA-DR expression decreased significantly after surgery in the control group. Patients receiving any of the 2 carbohydrate-rich beverages did not show this postoperative decrease. Fluid homeostasis was not affected in any of the groups, and well-being tended to be better in patients receiving carbohydrate-rich beverages compared with controls. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that preoperative intake of a carbohydrate-rich beverage can prevent surgery-induced immunodepression and thus might reduce the risk of infectious complications. Short-term high-fat diet compromises myocardial function: a radial strain rate imaging study. Ternacle J, Wan F, Sawaki D, Surenaud M, Pini M, Mercedes R, Ernande L, Audureau E, Dubois-Rande JL, Adnot S, Hue S, Czibik G, Derumeaux G. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017 Jan 6. pii: jew316. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew316. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28062567 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/ehjci/jew316 Abstract AIM: Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) induces both cardiac remodelling and myocardial dysfunction in murine models. The aim was to assess the time course and mechanisms of metabolic and cardiac modifications induced by short-term HFD in wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-three WT mice were subjected to HFD (60% fat, n = 16) and chow diet (CD, 13% fat, n = 17). Metabolic and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline and every 5 weeks for 20 weeks. Invasive haemodynamic data and myocardial samples were collected at 5 and 20 weeks. Echocardiographic data included left ventricular (LV) diameters and thickness, and systolic function using radial strain rate (SR). Histological assessment of cardiomyocyte and adipocyte sizes, interstitial fibrosis, and apoptosis index were performed. During follow-up, body weight, and glycaemia levels were higher in HFD than in CD mice, in association with an early adipose tissue remodelling. Despite no difference between both groups in blood pressure and LV mass at 5 weeks, an early LV dysfunction was observed in HFD mice as assessed by radial SR (21 ± 0.8 vs. 27 ± 0.8 unit/s, P < 0.001) and haemodynamic assessment. During follow-up, both groups demonstrated a progressive systolic and diastolic LV dysfunction and remodelling including dilatation and hypertrophy, which were more severe in HFD mice. Compared with CD mice, the early LV impairment in HFD mice was coupled with a higher cardiomyocyte apoptosis level (0.95 vs. 0.02%, P < 0.05) associated with an interstitial fibrosis process (2.3 vs. 0.2%, P < 0.05), which worsen during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The HFD promoted early metabolic and cardiac dysfunctions, and adipose and myocardial tissues remodelling. KEYWORDS: cardiomyopathy; high-fat diet; obesity; strain rate imaging Diabetes, plasma glucose and incidence of pancreatic cancer: A prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults and a meta-analysis of 22 cohort studies. Pang Y, Kartsonaki C, Guo Y, Bragg F, Yang L, Bian Z, Chen Y, Iona A, Millwood IY, Lv J, Yu C, Chen J, Li L, Holmes MV, Chen Z. Int J Cancer. 2017 Jan 7. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30599. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28063165 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1002/ijc.30599 Abstract Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (PC) in Western populations. Uncertainty remains, however, about the relevance of plasma glucose for PC among people without diabetes and about the associations of diabetes and high blood glucose with PC in China where the increase in diabetes prevalence has been very recent. The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study recruited 512,000 adults aged 30-79 years from 10 diverse areas of China during 2004-08, recording 595 PC cases during 8 years of follow-up. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for PC associated with diabetes (previously diagnosed or screen-detected) and, among those without previously diagnosed diabetes, with levels of random plasma glucose (RPG). These were further meta-analysed with 22 published prospective studies. Overall 5.8% of CKB participants had diabetes at baseline. Diabetes was associated with almost two-fold increased risk of PC (adjusted HR=1.87, 95% CI 1.48-2.37), with excess risk higher in those with longer duration since diagnosis (p for trend=0.01). Among those without previously diagnosed diabetes, each 1 mmol/L higher usual RPG was associated with a HR of 1.12 (1.04-1.21). In meta-analysis of CKB and 22 other studies, previously diagnosed diabetes was associated with a 52% excess risk (1.52, 1.43-1.63). Among those without diabetes, each 1 mmol/L higher blood glucose was associated with a 15% (1.15, 1.09-1.21) excess risk. In Chinese and non-Chinese populations, diabetes and higher blood glucose levels among those without diabetes are associated with an increased risk of PC. This article is protected by copyright. KEYWORDS: Chinese; Diabetes; pancreatic cancer; plasma glucose Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 10, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 10, 2017 (edited) Sodium and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease - The Debate Continues. Kong YW, Baqar S, Jerums G, Ekinci EI. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Dec 23;7:164. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00164. Review. PMID: 28066329 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2016.00164/full Abstract Guidelines have recommended significant reductions in dietary sodium intake to improve cardiovascular health. However, these dietary sodium intake recommendations have been questioned as emerging evidence has shown that there is a higher risk of cardiovascular disease with a low sodium diet, including in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This may be related to the other pleotropic effects of dietary sodium intake. Therefore, despite recent review of dietary sodium intake guidelines by multiple organizations, including the dietary guidelines for Americans, American Diabetes Association, and American Heart Association, concerns about the impact of the degree of sodium restriction on cardiovascular health continue to be raised. This literature review examines the effects of dietary sodium intake on factors contributing to cardiovascular health, including left ventricular hypertrophy, heart rate, albuminuria, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, serum lipids, insulin sensitivity, sympathetic nervous system activation, endothelial function, and immune function. In the last part of this review, the association between dietary sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes, especially in individuals with diabetes, is explored. Given the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes and the increasing incidence of diabetes worldwide, this review is important in summarizing the recent evidence regarding the effects of dietary sodium intake on cardiovascular health, especially in this population. KEYWORDS: cardiovascular death; cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; diabetes mellitus; dietary sodium intake; morbidity and mortality; salt intake; sodium intake Association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Yan Z, Zhang X, Li C, Jiao S, Dong W. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017 Jan 1:2047487316686441. doi: 10.1177/2047487316686441. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28067550 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2047487316686441 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2047487316686441 Abstract Background The relationships between dietary intake of soy foods and risk of cardiovascular disease are uncertain. The aims of this study were to evaluate and summarize the evidence on the association between consumption of soy and risk of cardiovascular disease (including stroke and coronary heart disease). Methods We systematically searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from their inception up to 22 February 2016. We included only observational studies, and used random-effects models to calculate summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 10 prospective cohort and seven case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. There were a total of 17,269 cardiovascular disease events, including 6265 stroke events, 10,806 coronary heart disease events, and 198 other cardiovascular disease events. A significant negative association was shown between soy intake and risk of cardiovascular disease (SRR = 0.84 95% CI: 0.75-0.94; pheterogeneity<0.001, I2 = 71.4%). Subgroup meta-analyses indicated that a statistically significant protective effect was primarily observed in case-control studies and in Asian populations. There was a borderline significant association between intake of tofu and the risk of cardiovascular disease (SRR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64-1.00). A significant negative association was shown for the association between soy intake and risk of stroke (SRR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.99) and coronary heart disease (SRR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95). There were no associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Conclusion Overall evidence indicated that consumption of soy was negatively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease risk. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular disease; coronary heart disease; soy consumption; soy isoflavones; stroke Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation. Dahl WJ, Agro NC, Eliasson ÅM, Mialki KL, Olivera JD, Rusch CT, Young CN. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017 Jan 9:1-10. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1188737. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28067588 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/07315724.2016.1188737 Abstract Although fiber is well recognized for its effect on laxation, increasing evidence supports the role of fiber in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the health benefits of fiber and its fermentation, and describe how the products of fermentation may influence disease risk and treatment. Higher fiber intakes are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Fiber may also have a role in lowering blood pressure and in preventing obesity by limiting weight gain. Fiber is effective in managing blood glucose in type 2 diabetes, useful for weight loss, and may provide therapeutic adjunctive roles in kidney and liver disease. In addition, higher fiber diets are not contraindicated in inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome and may provide some benefit. Common to the associations with disease reduction is fermentation of fiber and its potential to modulate microbiota and its activities and inflammation, specifically the production of anti-inflammatory short chain fatty acids, primarily from saccharolytic fermentation, versus the deleterious products of proteolytic activity. Because fiber intake is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, mechanisms by which fiber may reduce chronic disease risk and provide therapeutic benefit to those with chronic disease need further elucidation and large, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm causality.Teaching Points• Strong evidence supports the association between higher fiber diets and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer.• Higher fiber intakes are associated with lower body weight and body mass index, and some types of fiber may facilitate weight loss.• Fiber is recommended as an adjunctive medical nutritional therapy for type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and certain liver diseases.• Fermentation and the resulting shifts in microbiota composition and its activity may be a common means by which fiber impacts disease risk and management. KEYWORDS: chronic disease prevention; fermentation; fiber; microbiota; nutrition therapy; short chain fatty acids [The cohort studies were not impressive.] Dietary Patterns and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Lu PY, Shu L, Shen SS, Chen XJ, Zhang XY. Nutrients. 2017 Jan 5;9(1). pii: E38. doi: 10.3390/nu9010038. Review. PMID: 28067765 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/38/htm Abstract A number of studies have examined the associations between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk, but the findings have been inconclusive. Herein, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of pancreatic cancer. MEDLINE (provided by the National Library of Medicine) and EBSCO (Elton B. Stephens Company) databases were searched for relevant articles published up to May 2016 that identified common dietary patterns. Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this meta-analysis. A reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was shown for the highest compared with the lowest categories of healthy patterns (odds ratio, OR = 0.86; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77-0.95; p = 0.004) and light-moderate drinking patterns (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83-0.98; p = 0.02). There was evidence of an increased risk for pancreatic cancer in the highest compared with the lowest categories of western-type pattern (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06-1.45; p = 0.008) and heavy drinking pattern (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10-1.48; p = 0.002). The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that healthy and light-moderate drinking patterns may decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, whereas western-type and heavy drinking patterns may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. KEYWORDS: alcohol consumption; dietary patterns; meta-analysis; pancreatic cancer [i guess not liking the result does not mean I should ignore it.] Effect of a Long-Term Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Cognitive Function: Action for Health in Diabetes Study. Rapp SR, Luchsinger JA, Baker LD, Blackburn GL, Hazuda HP, Demos-McDermott KE, Jeffery RW, Keller JN, McCaffery JM, Pajewski NM, Evans M, Wadden TA, Arnold SE, Espeland MA; Look AHEAD Research Group.. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jan 9. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14692. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28067945 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1111/jgs.14692 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess whether randomization to 10 years of lifestyle intervention to induce and maintain weight loss improves cognitive function. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Data obtained as part of the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial (NCT00017953) and Look AHEAD Continuation study (U01 DK057136-15). PARTICIPANTS: Overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 45 to 76 (N = 3,751). INTERVENTION: Intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for weight loss through reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity compared with a control condition of diabetes support and education (DSE). MEASUREMENTS: Certified examiners who were masked to intervention assignment administered a standard battery of cognitive function tests (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Symbol Coding, Trail-Making Test, Modified Stroop Color-Word Test) to participants 10 to 13 years after enrollment. RESULTS: Assignment to lifestyle intervention was not associated with significantly different overall (P = .10) or domain-specific (all P > .10) cognitive function than assignment to diabetes support and education. Results were fairly consistent across prespecified groups, but there was some evidence of trends for differential intervention effects showing modest harm in ILI in participants with greater body mass index and in individuals with a history of cardiovascular disease. Cognitive function was not associated with changes in weight or fitness (all P > .05). CONCLUSION: A long-term behavioral weight loss intervention for overweight and obese adults with diabetes mellitus was not associated with cognitive benefit. KEYWORDS: cognition; diabetes mellitus; intervention; obesity; weight loss >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Long-term impact of behavioral weight loss intervention on cognitive function. Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Bray GA, Houston DK, Johnson KC, Kitabchi AE, Hergenroeder AL, Williamson J, Jakicic JM, van Dorsten B, Kritchevsky SB; Action for Health In Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Movement and Memory Subgroup.; Look AHEAD Research Group.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 Sep;69(9):1101-8. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu031. PMID: 24619151 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158413/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158413/pdf/glu031.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether intentional weight loss provides long-term benefits for cognitive function. METHODS: An ancillary study to a randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in overweight and obese individuals (N = 978), aged 45-76 years at enrollment, with type 2 diabetes. An intensive behavioral intervention designed to promote and maintain weight loss through caloric restriction and increased physical activity was compared with diabetes support and education. Standardized assessments of cognitive function were collected an average of 8.1 years after trial enrollment. RESULTS: Participants assigned to intensive lifestyle intervention lost a mean (SE) 11.1% (0.4%) and 7.2% (0.5%) of weight at Years 1 and 8, respectively, compared with 1.0% (0.2%) and 3.3% (0.5%) in the control group (p < .001). Covariate-adjusted mean composite cognitive function test scores were similar for the two groups (p = .69), and no significant differences were found for any individual cognitive test. There was some evidence of a differential effect (nominal interaction p = .008) for a prespecified comparison: Intensive lifestyle intervention was associated with a relative mean benefit for composite cognitive function of 0.276 (95% confidence interval: 0.033, 0.520) SDs among individuals with body mass index less than 30 kg/m(2) at baseline compared with a relative mean deficit of 0.086 (-0.021, 0.194) SDs among individuals with body mass more than or equal to 30 kg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS: Eight years of intensive lifestyle intervention did not alter cognitive function in obese adults with type 2 diabetes; however, there was evidence for benefit among overweight but not obese individuals. Changes in cognition were not assessed in this cross-sectional study. KEYWORDS: Clinical trials.; Cognition; Diabetes; Obesity [i would have liked to see analysis including energy intake, acid reflux, ulcers, etcetera in the adjustments meade.] The Association of Hot Red Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality: A Large Population-Based Cohort Study. Chopan M, Littenberg B. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 9;12(1):e0169876. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169876. PMID: 28068423 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0169876 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0169876&type=printable Abstract The evidence base for the health effects of spice consumption is insufficient, with only one large population-based study and no reports from Europe or North America. Our objective was to analyze the association between consumption of hot red chili peppers and mortality, using a population-based prospective cohort from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) III, a representative sample of US noninstitutionalized adults, in which participants were surveyed from 1988 to 1994. The frequency of hot red chili pepper consumption was measured in 16,179 participants at least 18 years of age. Total and cause-specific mortality were the main outcome measures. During 273,877 person-years of follow-up (median 18.9 years), a total of 4,946 deaths were observed. Total mortality for participants who consumed hot red chili peppers was 21.6% compared to 33.6% for those who did not (absolute risk reduction of 12%; relative risk of 0.64). Adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics, the hazard ratio was 0.87 (P = 0.01; 95% Confidence Interval 0.77, 0.97). Consumption of hot red chili peppers was associated with a 13% reduction in the instantaneous hazard of death. Similar, but statistically nonsignificant trends were seen for deaths from vascular disease, but not from other causes. In this large population-based prospective study, the consumption of hot red chili pepper was associated with reduced mortality. Hot red chili peppers may be a beneficial component of the diet. [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulosis#Epidemiology ] Western Dietary Pattern Increases, Whereas Prudent Dietary Pattern Decreases, Risk of Incident Diverticulitis in a Prospective Cohort Study. Strate LL, Keeley BR, Cao Y, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jan 5. pii: S0016-5085(17)30006-9. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.038. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28065788 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.038 Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Dietary fiber is implicated as a risk factor for diverticulitis. Analyses of dietary patterns may provide information on risk beyond those of individual foods or nutrients. We examined whether major dietary patterns are associated with risk of incident diverticulitis. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of 46,295 men who were free of diverticulitis and known diverticulosis in 1986 (baseline) using data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Each study participant completed a detailed medical and dietary questionnaire at baseline. We sent supplemental questionnaires to men reporting incident diverticulitis on biennial follow-up questionnaires. We assessed diet every 4 years using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Western (high in red meat, refined grains, and high-fat dairy) and prudent (high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Follow-up time accrued from the date of return of the baseline questionnaire in 1986 until a diagnosis of diverticulitis, diverticulosis or diverticular bleeding; death; or December 31, 2012. The primary endpoint was incident diverticulitis. RESULTS: During 894,468 person years of follow-up, we identified 1063 incident cases of diverticulitis. After adjustment for other risk factors, men in the highest quintile of western dietary pattern score had a multivariate hazard ratio (HR) of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.20-1.99) for diverticulitis compared to men in the lowest quintile. High vs low prudent scores were associated with decreased risk of diverticulitis (multivariate HR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60-0.91). The association between dietary patterns and diverticulitis was predominantly attributable to intake of fiber and red meat. CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective cohort study of 46,295 men, a western dietary pattern was associated with increased risk of diverticulitis, whereas a prudent pattern was associated with decreased risk. These data may guide dietary interventions for the prevention of diverticulitis. KEYWORDS: HPFS; PCA; alternative healthy eating index; diverticular disease Edited January 10, 2017 by AlPater Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 11, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 11, 2017 Anxiety symptoms and risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in the oldest old women. Kassem AM, Ganguli M, Yaffe K, Hanlon JT, Lopez OL, Wilson JW, Ensrud K, Cauley JA; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Research Group.. Aging Ment Health. 2017 Jan 10:1-9. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1274370. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28071922 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1080/13607863.2016.1274370 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Research is limited and findings conflict regarding anxiety as a predictor of future cognitive decline in the oldest old persons. We examined the relationship between levels of and changes in anxiety symptoms, and subsequent dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the oldest old women. METHOD: We conducted secondary analyses of data collected from 1425 community-dwelling women (mean age = 82.8, SD ±3.1 years) followed on average for five years. The Goldberg Anxiety Scale was used to assess anxiety symptoms at baseline, and an expert clinical panel adjudicated dementia and MCI at follow-up. Participants with probable cognitive impairment at baseline were excluded. RESULTS: At baseline, 190 (13%) women had moderate/severe anxiety symptoms and 403 (28%) had mild anxiety symptoms. Compared with those with no anxiety symptoms at baseline, women with mild anxiety symptoms were more likely to develop dementia at follow-up (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.12-2.45). No significant association was observed between anxiety symptoms and MCI. CONCLUSION: In the oldest old women, our findings suggest that mild anxiety symptoms may predict future risk of dementia, but not MCI. Future studies should explore potential biological mechanisms underlying associations of anxiety with cognitive impairment. KEYWORDS: Aging; community sample; epidemiology The effect of modifiable healthy practices on higher-level functional capacity decline among Japanese community dwellers. Otsuka R, Nishita Y, Tange C, Tomida M, Kato Y, Nakamoto M, Ando F, Shimokata H, Suzuki T. Prev Med Rep. 2016 Dec 28;5:205-209. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.12.022. PMID: 28070478 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335516301759 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2211335516301759/1-s2.0-S2211335516301759-main.pdf?_tid=7a0db1ec-d84b-11e6-84a7-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1484173116_768fd68ca14a8bd889c7ce2b4b1f639a Abstract This study aimed to clarify the effects of the accumulation of 8 modifiable practices related to health, including smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, sleeping hours, body mass index, dietary diversity, ikigai (life worth living), and health checkup status, on higher-level functional capacity decline among Japanese community dwellers. Data were derived from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences - Longitudinal Study of Aging. Subjects comprised 1269 men and women aged 40 to 79 years at baseline (1997-2000) who participated in a follow-up postal survey (2013). Higher-level functional capacity was measured using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (total score and 3 subscales: instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activity, and social role). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for a decline in higher-level functional capacity in the follow-up study according to the total number of healthy practices were analyzed using the lowest category as a reference. Multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the total score of higher-level functional capacity, which declined according to the total number of healthy practices (0-4, 5-6, 7-8 groups) were 1.00 (reference), 0.63 (0.44-0.92), and 0.54 (0.31-0.94). For the score of social role decline, multivariate adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 1.00 (reference), 0.62 (0.40-0.97), and 0.46 (0.23-0.90), respectively (P for trend = 0.04). Having more modifiable healthy practices, especially in social roles, may protect against a decline in higher-level functional capacity among middle-aged and elderly community dwellers in Japan. KEYWORDS: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; Community dwellers; Healthy practices; Higher-level functional capacity; Japan; NILS-LSA, National Institute for Longevity Sciences - Longitudinal Study of Aging; OR, odds ratio; QUANTIDD, Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity; Social role; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence Caloric Intake in Medical ICU Patients: Consistency of Care With Guidelines and Relationship to Clinical Outcomes. Krishnan JA, Parce PB, Martinez A. Nutr Clin Pract. 2004 Dec;19(6):645-646. doi: 10.1177/0115426504019006645. PMID: 28064571 http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/chest/21996/297.pdf Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess the consistency of caloric intake with American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) recommendations for critically ill patients and to evaluate the relationship of caloric intake with clinical outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Adult intensive care units (ICUs) at 2 teaching hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with an ICU length of stay of at least 96 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: On ICU admission, severity of illness (ie, simplified acute physiology score II) and markers of nutritional status (ie, serum albumin level and body mass index) were recorded. The route of feeding (ie, enteral or parenteral), actual caloric intake (ie, percentage of ACCP recommendations: 0% to 32% [tertile I]; 33% to 65% [tertile II]; ≥66% [tertile III]), and evidence of GI intolerance (ie, gastric aspirate levels, ≥100 mL) were recorded daily. The following outcomes were assessed: status on hospital discharge (alive vs dead); spontaneous ventilation before ICU discharge (yes vs no); and ICU discharge without developing nosocomial sepsis (yes vs no). The average caloric intake among 187 participants was 50.6% of the ACCP targets and was similar in both hospitals. Caloric intake was inversely related to the mean number of gastric aspirates≥ 100 mL/d (Spearman ρ =-.04; p = .06), but not to severity of illness, nutritional status, or route of feeding. After accounting for the number of gastric aspirates ≥100 mL, severity of illness, nutritional status, and route of feeding, tertile II of caloric intake ( vs tertile I) was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of achieving spontaneous ventilation before ICU discharge. Tertile III of caloric intake ( vs tertile I) was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of both hospital discharge alive and spontaneous ventilation before ICU discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Study participants were underfed relative to ACCP targets. These targets, however, may overestimate needs because moderate caloric intake (ie, 33% to 65% of ACCP targets; approximately 9 to 18 kcal/kg per day) was associated with better outcomes than higher levels of caloric intake. Lifestyle behaviours associated with 5-year weight gain in a prospective cohort of Australian adults aged 26-36 years at baseline. Smith KJ, Gall SL, McNaughton SA, Cleland VJ, Otahal P, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jan 10;17(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3931-y. PMID: 28068968 http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3931-y http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/264/art%253A10.1186%252Fs12889-016-3931-y.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com%2Farticle%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-016-3931-y&token2=exp=1484173889~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F264%2Fart%25253A10.1186%25252Fs12889-016-3931-y.pdf*~hmac=86e969aab587eccc2182ee7d4546539b2c52b1f0ae804cc56b8a1a2df26331e3 Abstract BACKGROUND: Whether not meeting common guidelines for lifestyle behaviours is associated with weight gain is uncertain. This study examined whether 5-year weight gain was predicted by not meeting guidelines for: breakfast consumption (eating between 6 and 9 am), takeaway food consumption (<2 times/week), television viewing (<2 h/day) and daily steps (≥10,000 steps/day). METHODS: One thousand one hundred and fifty-five Australian participants (43% men, 26-36 years) completed questionnaires and wore a pedometer at baseline (2004-06) and follow-up (2009-11). Weight was measured or self-reported, with a correction factor applied. For each behaviour, participants were classified according to whether they met the guideline: consistently met at baseline and follow-up (reference group); not met at baseline but met at follow-up; met at baseline but not met at follow-up; consistently not met at baseline and follow-up. For each behaviour, weight gain was calculated using linear regression. Weight gain by number of guidelines met was also examined. RESULTS: Mean 5-year weight gain was 2.0 kg (SD:6.3). Compared to the reference group, additional weight (mean, 95% CI) was gained among those who did not meet the guideline at follow-up, or consistently did not meet the guideline, for breakfast (1.8 kg, 0.7-2.9; 1.5 kg, 0.1-2.8); takeaway food (2.2 kg, 0.7-3.6; 1.9 kg, 0.7-3.1); watching television (1.9 kg, 0.9-2.9; 1.4 kg, 0.4-2.3); and daily steps (2.6 kg, 1.1-4.04; 1.6 kg, 0.5-2.7). Those who met ≤1 guideline at follow-up gained 3.8 kg (95% CI 2.3-5.3) more than those meeting all guidelines. CONCLUSION: Individuals who adopted healthier behaviours between baseline and follow-up had similar weight gain to those who met the guidelines at both time points. Encouraging young adults to meet these simple guidelines may reduce weight gain. KEYWORDS: Fast food; Guidelines; Physical activity; Sedentary behaviour; Skipping breakfast; Steps; Takeaway food; Television; Weight gain; Young adults Multiple lifestyle behaviours and mortality, findings from a large population-based Norwegian cohort study - The HUNT Study. Krokstad S, Ding D, Grunseit AC, Sund ER, Holmen TL, Rangul V, Bauman A. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jan 10;17(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3993-x. PMID: 28068991 http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3993-x http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/597/art%253A10.1186%252Fs12889-016-3993-x.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com%2Farticle%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-016-3993-x&token2=exp=1484174569~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F597%2Fart%25253A10.1186%25252Fs12889-016-3993-x.pdf*~hmac=abfbaadde3385fac223b66bc0c599ad0d5bbed4c4a7b172e5d4545343154eb23 Abstract BACKGROUND: Lifestyle risk behaviours are responsible for a large proportion of disease burden and premature mortality worldwide. Risk behaviours tend to cluster in populations. We developed a new lifestyle risk index by including emerging risk factors (sleep, sitting time, and social participation) and examine unique risk combinations and their associations with all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality. METHODS: Data are from a large population-based cohort study in a Norway, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), with an average follow-up time of 14.1 years. Baseline data from 1995-97 were linked to the Norwegian Causes of Death Registry. The analytic sample comprised 36 911 adults aged 20-69 years. Cox regression models were first fitted for seven risk factors (poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, current smoking, physical inactivity, excessive sitting, too much/too little sleep, and poor social participation) separately and then adjusted for socio-demographic covariates. Based on these results, a lifestyle risk index was developed. Finally, we explored common combinations of the risk factors in relation to all-cause and cardio-metabolic mortality outcomes. RESULTS: All single risk factors, except for diet, were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes, and were therefore selected to form a lifestyle risk index. Risk of mortality increased as the index score increased. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality increased from 1.37 (1.15-1.62) to 6.15 (3.56-10.63) as the number of index risk factors increased from one to six respectively. Among the most common risk factor combinations the association with mortality was particularly strong when smoking and/or social participation were included. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to previous research on multiple risk behaviours by incorporating emerging risk factors. Findings regarding social participation and prolonged sitting suggest new components of healthy lifestyles and potential new directions for population health interventions. KEYWORDS: All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular disease; Cohort study; Lifestyle behaviour; Metabolic disease; Risk factors Meat intake and risk of diverticulitis among men. Cao Y, Strate LL, Keeley BR, Tam I, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT. Gut. 2017 Jan 9. pii: gutjnl-2016-313082. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313082. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28069830 http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/03/gutjnl-2016-313082.full http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/03/gutjnl-2016-313082.full.pdf+html Abstract OBJECTIVE: Diverticulitis is a common disease with a substantial clinical and economic burden. Besides dietary fibre, the role of other foods in the prevention of diverticulitis is underexplored. DESIGN: We prospectively examined the association between consumption of meat (total red meat, red unprocessed meat, red processed meat, poultry and fish) with risk of incident diverticulitis among 46 461 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012). Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: During 651 970 person-years of follow-up, we documented 764 cases of incident diverticulitis. Compared with men in the lowest quintile (Q1) of total red meat consumption, men in the highest quintile (Q5) had a multivariable RR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.11; p for trend=0.01). The increase in risk was non-linear, plateauing after six servings per week (p for non-linearity=0.002). The association was stronger for unprocessed red meat (RR for Q5 vs Q1: 1.51; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.03; p for trend=0.03) than for processed red meat (RR for Q5 vs Q1: 1.03; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.35; p for trend=0.26). Higher consumption of poultry or fish was not associated with risk of diverticulitis. However, the substitution of poultry or fish for one serving of unprocessed red meat per day was associated with a decrease in risk of diverticulitis (multivariable RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Red meat intake, particularly unprocessed red meat, was associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis. The findings provide practical dietary guidance for patients at risk of diverticulitis. KEYWORDS: DIETARY FACTORS; DIVERTICULAR DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY Advances in IBS 2016: A Review of Current and Emerging Data. Schoenfeld PS. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016 Aug;12(8 Suppl 3):1-11. PMID: 28070176 http://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/index.php/supplements/advances-in-ibs-2016-a-review-of-current-and-emerging-data/ http://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/files/2016/08/gh0816sup3-1.pdf Abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic intermittent abdominal pain and associated diarrhea (IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), or both. IBS can significantly impact patient function and quality of life. The diagnosis of IBS is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, the exclusion of concerning features, and selected tests to exclude organic diseases that can mimic IBS. The pathophysiology of IBS remains incompletely understood, and new contributing factors have been identified over the past decade. Altered gut immune activation, intestinal permeability, and the intestinal and colonic microbiome may be important factors. Poorly absorbed carbohydrates have been implicated in triggering IBS symptoms. Increasing evidence supports the benefit of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs). Although there are several randomized controlled trials of probiotics in IBS, they are typically poorly designed and have not consistently demonstrated efficacy. Until recently, there were few effective treatments for IBS-D. Data from recent clinical trials support the use of rifaximin, eluxadoline, and peppermint oil. Options for the treatment of IBS-C include lubiprostone and linaclotide. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 12, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 12, 2017 The metabolic syndrome and 10-year cognitive and functional decline in very old men. A population-based study. Viscogliosi G, Donfrancesco C, Palmieri L, Giampaoli S. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017 Jan 3;70:62-66. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.12.008. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28076836 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe longitudinal relationships of metabolic syndrome (MetS) to cognitive decline and functional disability in a sample of older non-institutionalized men. METHODS: data from 1991 to 2000 of the Italian cohorts of the Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Elderly (FINE) study, were used. Global cognitive function and functional disability, defined as limitations in mobility, basic (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were screened in 1991 and 2000. MetS was defined according to the NCEP ATP-III criteria. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 195 men, baseline age 76.1±3.1years. Baseline MetS was prospectively associated with greater 10-year cognitive and functional decline in ADLs and IADLs. After multiple adjustment including age, education, marital status, ApoE ε4 allele, cerebrovascular disease and initial cognitive and depressive status, MetS predicted cognitive decline (B=-1.684, 95%CI=-2.202 to -1.167, p<0.001) and risk of IADLs (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.01-1.20, p=0.048) and ADLs disability (OR=1.35, 95%CI=1.12-1.62, p<0.001). Interestingly, such associations were not attributable to individual altered components of MetS nor to their sum. Incident disability in ADLs and IADLs were not explained by parallel decline in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: MetS as an entity was associated with accelerated cognitive and functional decline in a population-based sample of very old men. KEYWORDS: Cognitive decline; Functional disability; Incidence; Metabolic syndrome How the stressed brain boosts heart attack risk Talking, exercising, mindfulness suggested as stress busters CBC News Posted: Jan 11, 2017 http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/stress-heart-disease-brain-1.3931422 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Lancet in press JANUARY 11, 2017 COMMENT Stressed brain, stressed heart? Ilze Bot, Johan Kuiper http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30044-2 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort study Ahmed Tawakol, Amorina Ishai, Richard AP Takx, Amparo L Figueroa, Abdelrahman Ali, Yannick Kaiser, Quynh A Truong, Chloe JE Solomon, Claudia Calcagno, Venkatesh Mani, Cheuk Y Tang, Willem JM Mulder, James W Murrough, Udo Hoffmann, Matthias Nahrendorf, Lisa M Shin, Zahi A Fayad, Roger K Pitman DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31714-7 | http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31714-7 Summary Background Emotional stress is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We imaged the amygdala, a brain region involved in stress, to determine whether its resting metabolic activity predicts risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Methods Individuals aged 30 years or older without known cardiovascular disease or active cancer disorders, who underwent 18F-fluorodexoyglucose PET/CT at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA, USA) between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2008, were studied longitudinally. Amygdalar activity, bone-marrow activity, and arterial inflammation were assessed with validated methods. In a separate cross-sectional study we analysed the relation between perceived stress, amygdalar activity, arterial inflammation, and C-reactive protein. Image analyses and cardiovascular disease event adjudication were done by mutually blinded researchers. Relations between amygdalar activity and cardiovascular disease events were assessed with Cox models, log-rank tests, and mediation (path) analyses. Findings 293 patients (median age 55 years [iQR 45·0–65·5]) were included in the longitudinal study, 22 of whom had a cardiovascular disease event during median follow-up of 3·7 years (IQR 2·7–4·8). Amygdalar activity was associated with increased bone-marrow activity (r=0·47; p<0·0001), arterial inflammation (r=0·49; p<0·0001), and risk of cardiovascular disease events (standardised hazard ratio 1·59, 95% CI 1·27–1·98; p<0·0001), a finding that remained significant after multivariate adjustments. The association between amygdalar activity and cardiovascular disease events seemed to be mediated by increased bone-marrow activity and arterial inflammation in series. In the separate cross-sectional study of patients who underwent psychometric analysis (n=13), amygdalar activity was significantly associated with arterial inflammation (r=0·70; p=0·0083). Perceived stress was associated with amygdalar activity (r=0·56; p=0·0485), arterial inflammation (r=0·59; p=0·0345), and C-reactive protein (r=0·83; p=0·0210). Interpretation In this first study to link regional brain activity to subsequent cardiovascular disease, amygdalar activity independently and robustly predicted cardiovascular disease events. Amygdalar activity is involved partly via a path that includes increased bone-marrow activity and arterial inflammation. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism through which emotional stressors can lead to cardiovascular disease in human beings. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Enhancing Cardiac Rehabilitation With Stress Management Training: A Randomized, Clinical Efficacy Trial. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Smith PJ, Watkins L, Mabe S, Kraus WE, Ingle K, Miller P, Hinderliter A. Circulation. 2016 Apr 5;133(14):1341-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018926. http://sci-hub.cc/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018926 PMID: 27045127 Abstract BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is the standard of care for patients with coronary heart disease. Despite considerable epidemiological evidence that high stress is associated with worse health outcomes, stress management training (SMT) is not included routinely as a component of CR. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred fifty-one outpatients with coronary heart disease who were 36 to 84 years of age were randomized to 12 weeks of comprehensive CR or comprehensive CR combined with SMT (CR+SMT), with assessments of stress and coronary heart disease biomarkers obtained before and after treatment. A matched sample of CR-eligible patients who did not receive CR made up the no-CR comparison group. All participants were followed up for up to 5.3 years (median, 3.2 years) for clinical events. Patients randomized to CR+SMT exhibited greater reductions in composite stress levels compared with those randomized to CR alone (P=0.022), an effect that was driven primarily by improvements in anxiety, distress, and perceived stress. Both CR groups achieved significant, and comparable, improvements in coronary heart disease biomarkers. Participants in the CR+SMT group exhibited lower rates of clinical events compared with those in the CR-alone group (18% versus 33%; hazard ratio=0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.95; P=0.035), and both CR groups had lower event rates compared with the no-CR group (47%; hazard ratio=0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.71; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CR enhanced by SMT produced significant reductions in stress and greater improvements in medical outcomes compared with standard CR. Our findings indicate that SMT may provide incremental benefit when combined with comprehensive CR and suggest that SMT should be incorporated routinely into CR. KEYWORDS: coronary disease; epidemiology; exercise; rehabilitation; stress, psychological http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/sugar-added-processed-foods-canada-1.3932245 Added sugar found in two-thirds of packaged foods in Canada: study Photo: Mother Sarah Nowak looks at baby food Researchers who examined more than 40,000 packaged foods and beverages in Canada found 66 per cent of them have added sugars, including some infant formulas, baby foods and breakfast cereals. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Added sugar in the packaged foods and beverages available at a major Canadian retailer in 2015: a descriptive analysis Rachel B. Acton, BSc, Lana Vanderlee, PhD, Erin P. Hobin, PhD, David Hammond 10.9778/cmajo.20160076 cmajo January 12, 2017 vol. 5 no. 1 E1-E6 http://cmajopen.ca/content/5/1/E1.full http://cmajopen.ca/content/5/1/E1.full.pdf+html Abstract Background: Excess consumption of added sugars has been associated with a variety of health problems, but there is little information available characterizing added sugar in the Canadian food supply. This study examined the presence and types of added sugars in the packaged food and beverage products available at a major Canadian grocery retailer. Methods: We searched the ingredients lists of over 40 000 packaged food products available for sale in March 2015 for a variety of added sugar terms. Proportions of food products containing added sugar were identified overall and within food product categories. Differences in total sugar content were identified between food products with and without added sugar. Results: Overall, 66% of the packaged food products analyzed contained at least 1 added sugar. The added sugar term "sugar" (and its variations) appeared the most frequently, followed by "dextrose." Added sugar presence and total sugar content varied within many product categories but were consistently higher in expected categories such as "beverages." Mean total sugar content was significantly higher in products with added sugar than in those without, both overall (p < 0.001) and within most product subcategories (p < 0.02). Interpretation: About two-thirds of the packaged foods and beverages available at a major Canadian grocery retailer contain added sugar, similar to recent patterns estimated for the US food supply. The results provide an estimation of the baseline characterization of added sugar in the Canadian food supply, which can be used to assess outcomes of future changes to sugar labelling policies in Canada. Stress and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review considering potential moderating and mediating factors and methods of assessing stress. Briones-Buixassa L, Milà R, Mª Aragonès J, Bufill E, Olaya B, Arrufat FX. Health Psychol Open. 2015 Nov 4;2(2):2055102915612271. doi: 10.1177/2055102915612271. Review. PMID: 28070374 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2055102915612271 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2055102915612271 Abstract Research about the effects of stress on multiple sclerosis has yielded contradictory results. This study aims to systematically review the evidence focusing on two possible causes: the role of stress assessment and potential moderating and mediating factors. The Web of Knowledge (MEDLINE and Web of Science), Scopus, and PsycINFO databases were searched for relevant articles published from 1900 through December 2014 using the terms "stress*" AND "multiple sclerosis." Twenty-three articles were included. Studies focused on the effect of stress on multiple sclerosis onset (n = 9) were mostly retrospective, and semi-structured interviews and scales yielded the most consistent associations. Studies focused on multiple sclerosis progression (n = 14) were mostly prospective, and self-reported diaries yielded the most consistent results. The most important modifying factors were stressor duration, severity, and frequency; cardiovascular reactivity and heart rate; and social support and escitalopram intake. Future studies should consider the use of prospective design with self-reported evaluations and the study of moderators and mediators related to amount of stress and autonomic nervous system reactivity to determine the effects of stress on multiple sclerosis. KEYWORDS: moderating and mediating factors; multiple sclerosis; stress; stress evaluation The n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation Improved the Cognitive Function in the Chinese Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Bo Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, You J, Cui H, Zhu Y, Pang W, Liu W, Jiang Y, Lu Q. Nutrients. 2017 Jan 10;9(1). pii: E54. doi: 10.3390/nu9010054. PMID: 28075381 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/54/htm Abstract OBJECTIVE: Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may protect against mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, there is still a lack of the n-3 PUFAs intervention in the elderly with MCI in China. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function in the Chinese elderly with MCI. METHODS: Eighty six MCI individuals aged 60 years or older were randomly assigned to receive either n-3 PUFAs (480 mg DHA and 720 mg EPA per day, n = 44) or placebo (olive oil, n = 42) capsules. The changes of cognitive functions were assessed using Basic Cognitive Aptitude Tests (BCAT). RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 71 years old, and 59% of the participants were men. n-3 PUFA supplementation was associated with improved total BCAT scores, perceptual speed, space imagery efficiency, and working memory (p < 0.01), but not with mental arithmetic efficiency or recognition memory (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis by sex showed that n-3 PUFAs significantly improved perceptual speed (p = 0.001), space imagery efficiency (p = 0.013), working memory (p = 0.018), and total BCAT scores (p = 0.000) in males. However, in females, the significant beneficial effects can only be observed in perceptual speed (p = 0.027), space imagery efficiency (p = 0.006), and total BCAT scores (p = 0.015)-not working memory (p = 0.113). CONCLUSION: n-3 PUFAs can improve cognitive function in people with MCI. Further studies with different fish oil dosages, longer intervention periods, and larger sample sizes should be investigated before definite recommendations can be made. KEYWORDS: basic cognitive aptitude tests; cognition; elderly; mild cognitive impairment; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 13, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 13, 2017 Legume consumption and CVD risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Marventano S, Izquierdo Pulido M, Sánchez-González C, Godos J, Speciani A, Galvano F, Grosso G. Public Health Nutr. 2017 Feb;20(2):245-254. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002299. PMID: 28077199 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1017/s1368980016002299 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to systematically review and perform a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies exploring the association between dietary legume consumption and CVD risk, including CHD and stroke. DESIGN: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched up to December 2015. A meta-analysis of the highest v. lowest (reference) category of dietary legume consumption was performed through random-effects models. RESULTS: Fourteen studies conducted on eleven cohorts and accounting for a total of 367 000 individuals and 18 475 cases of CVD (7451 CHD and 6336 stroke cases) were considered for the analyses. Compared with lower legume consumption, the highest category of exposure was associated with a decreased risk of 10 % in both CVD and CHD (relative risk=0·90; 95 % CI 0·84, 0·97) with no or little evidence of heterogeneity and no publication bias. Null results were found regarding legume consumption and stroke risk. No substantial confounding factors were evident in stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Legume consumption was associated with lower risk of CVD. Legumes' intrinsic characteristics, because they are often part of an overall healthy diet, or because they are a substitute for unhealthy sources of protein may potentially explain the current findings. KEYWORDS: CVD; Fibre; Legumes; Meta-analysis; Mortality Nut consumption and lung cancer risk: Results from two large observational studies. Lee JT, Lai GY, Liao LM, Subar AF, Bertazzi PA, Pesatori AC, Freedman ND, Landi MT, Lam TK. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017 Jan 11. pii: cebp.0806.2016. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0806. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28077426 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0806 Abstract BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the association between nut consumption and lung cancer risk is limited. METHODS: We investigated this relationship in the Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology (EAGLE) study, a population-based case-control study, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort. We identified 2098 lung cases for EAGLE and 18,533 incident cases in AARP. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire for both studies. Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and hazards ratio (HRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression for EAGLE and AARP, respectively. RESULTS: Higher frequency of intake of nut consumption was inversely associated with overall lung cancer risk (highest-versus-lowest quintile, OREAGLE=0.74, 95% CI=0.57-0.95; HRAARP=0.86, 95% CI=0.81-0.91), regardless of smoking status. Results from the prospective cohort showed similar associations across histological subtypes, and a more pronounced benefits from nut consumption for those who smoked 1-20 cigarettes/day (OREAGLE=0.61, 95% CI=0.39-0.95; HRAARP=0.83, 95% CI=0.74-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Nut consumption was inversely associated with lung cancer in two large population-based studies, and associations were independent of cigarette smoking and other known risk factors. IMPACT: To our knowledge, this is the first study that examined the association between nut consumption and lung cancer risk by histologic subtypes and smoking intensity. Tea consumption and risk of ischaemic heart disease. Li X, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Si J, Yang L, Chen Y, Ren X, Jiang G, Chen J, Chen Z, Lv J, Li L; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group.. Heart. 2017 Jan 11. pii: heartjnl-2016-310462. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310462. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28077466 http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/11/heartjnl-2016-310462.longhttp://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/11/heartjnl-2016-310462.long http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/11/heartjnl-2016-310462.full.pdf+html Abstract OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the association between tea consumption and the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). METHODS: Prospective study using the China Kadoorie Biobank; participants from 10 areas across China were enrolled during 2004-2008 and followed up until 31 December 2013. After excluding participants with cancer, heart disease and stroke at baseline, the present study included 199 293 men and 288 082 women aged 30-79 years at baseline. Information on IHD incidence was collected through disease registries and the new national health insurance databases. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.2 years, we documented 24 665 (7.19 cases/1000 person-years) incident IHD cases and 3959 (1.13 cases/1000 person-years) major coronary events (MCEs). Tea consumption was associated with reduced risk of IHD and MCE. In the whole cohort, compared with participants who never consumed tea during the past 12 months, the multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for less than daily and daily tea consumers were 0.97 (0.94 to 1.00) and 0.92 (0.88 to 0.95) for IHD, 0.92 (0.85 to 1.00) and 0.90 (0.82 to 0.99) for MCE. No linear trends in the HRs across the amount of tea were observed in daily consumers for IHD and MCE (PLinear >0.05). The inverse association between tea consumption and IHD was stronger in rural (PInteraction 0.006 for IHD, <0.001 for MCE), non-obese (PInteraction 0.012 for MCE) and non-diabetes participants (PInteraction 0.004 for IHD). CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study, daily tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of IHD. Benefits of whole-body vibration training on arterial function and muscle strength in young overweight/obese women. Alvarez-Alvarado S, Jaime SJ, Ormsbee MJ, Campbell JC, Post J, Pacilio J, Figueroa A. Hypertens Res. 2017 Jan 12. doi: 10.1038/hr.2016.178. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28077859 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697776/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697776/pdf/jer-11-6-289.pdf Abstract The early arterial dysfunction linked with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle heightens the likelihood of suffering from future cardiovascular events. Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) may improve systemic arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)) and muscle strength in pre- and post-menopausal women. However, the effectiveness of WBVT to impact the arterial segments included in baPWV is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WBVT on aortic and leg arterial stiffness in young sedentary overweight/obese women. Thirty-eight young (21 years) overweight/obese women were randomized to WBVT (n=25) or a nonexercising control (CON, n=13) groups for 6 weeks. PWV, brachial and aortic blood pressures (BP), wave reflection (augmentation index (AIx)) and leg muscle strength measurements were acquired before and after 6 weeks. WBVT significantly reduced carotid-femoral PWV (aortic stiffness, P<0.05), femoral-ankle (leg arterial stiffness, P<0.01) and baPWV (systemic arterial stiffness, P<0.01) compared with CON. The reduction in brachial systolic BP (SBP), heart rate, aortic SBP, aortic diastolic BP, AIx normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats per min (AIx@75; P<0.01) and AIx (P<0.05) following WBVT was significant compared with CON (P<0.05). WBVT increased leg muscle strength compared with CON (P<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between changes in relative muscle strength and aortic stiffness (r=-0.41, P<0.05). WBVT led to reductions in arterial stiffness, central BP and wave reflection in young obese women. WBVT may be an effective intervention toward vascular health promotion and prevention in young overweight/obese women. Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. Laukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F, Laukkanen JA. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):542-8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187. PMID: 25705824 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2130724 Abstract IMPORTANCE: Sauna bathing is a health habit associated with better hemodynamic function; however, the association of sauna bathing with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality is not known. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of frequency and duration of sauna bathing with the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a prospective cohort study (Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) of a population-based sample of 2315 middle-aged (age range, 42-60 years) men from Eastern Finland. Baseline examinations were conducted from March 1, 1984, through December 31, 1989. EXPOSURES: Frequency and duration of sauna bathing assessed at baseline. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 20.7 years (interquartile range, 18.1-22.6 years), 190 SCDs, 281 fatal CHDs, 407 fatal CVDs, and 929 all-cause mortality events occurred. A total of 601, 1513, and 201 participants reported having a sauna bathing session 1 time per week, 2 to 3 times per week, and 4 to 7 times per week, respectively. The numbers (percentages) of SCDs were 61 (10.1%), 119 (7.8%), and 10 (5.0%) in the 3 groups of the frequency of sauna bathing. The respective numbers were 89 (14.9%), 175 (11.5%), and 17 (8.5%) for fatal CHDs; 134 (22.3%), 249 (16.4%), and 24 (12.0%) for fatal CVDs; and 295 (49.1%), 572 (37.8%), and 62 (30.8%) for all-cause mortality events. After adjustment for CVD risk factors, compared with men with 1 sauna bathing session per week, the hazard ratio of SCD was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.57-1.07) for 2 to 3 sauna bathing sessions per week and 0.37 (95% CI, 0.18-0.75) for 4 to 7 sauna bathing sessions per week (P for trend = .005). Similar associations were found with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality (P for trend ≤.005). Compared with men having a sauna bathing session of less than 11 minutes, the adjusted hazard ratio for SCD was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.67-1.28) for sauna bathing sessions of 11 to 19 minutes and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.31-0.75) for sessions lasting more than 19 minutes (P for trend = .002); significant inverse associations were also observed for fatal CHDs and fatal CVDs (P for trend ≤.03) but not for all-cause mortality events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Increased frequency of sauna bathing is associated with a reduced risk of SCD, CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality. Further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanism that links sauna bathing and cardiovascular health. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):548. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8206. Health benefits of sauna bathing. Redberg RF. Comment on Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. [JAMA Intern Med. 2015] PMID: 25706401 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8206 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2130717 Often I have advised a patient who was considering an unnecessary test, such as a coronary artery calcium test or carotid ultrasonography from a mobile van, to forgo that test and instead spend the money on something that he or she would actually enjoy, such as a massage or spa treatment. In this issue, Laukkanen et al1 present data indicating that my advice would not only help my patients feel good but would also, if they chose to regularly use a sauna bath, help them live longer. Analyzing data from the Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study, the authors found that men who took more frequent saunas (4-7 times per week) actually live longer than once-per-week users. Although we do not know why the men who took saunas more frequently had greater longevity (whether it is the time spent in the hot room, the relaxation time, the leisure of a life that allows for more relaxation time, or the camaraderie of the sauna), clearly time spent in the sauna is time well spent. B-Vitamin Intake and Biomarker Status in Relation to Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults in a 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Hughes CF, Ward M, Tracey F, Hoey L, Molloy AM, Pentieva K, McNulty H. Nutrients. 2017 Jan 10;9(1). pii: E53. doi: 10.3390/nu9010053. PMID: 28075382 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/53/htm file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/nutrients-09-00053.pdf Abstract Advancing age can be associated with an increase in cognitive dysfunction, a spectrum of disability that ranges in severity from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Folate and the other B-vitamins involved in one-carbon metabolism are associated with cognition in ageing but the evidence is not entirely clear. The hypothesis addressed in this study was that lower dietary intake or biomarker status of folate and/or the metabolically related B-vitamins would be associated with a greater than expected rate of cognitive decline over a 4-year follow-up period in healthy older adults. Participants (aged 60-88 years; n = 155) who had been previously screened for cognitive function were reassessed four years after initial investigation using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). At the 4-year follow-up assessment when participants were aged 73.4 ± 7.1 years, mean cognitive MMSE scores had declined from 29.1 ± 1.3 at baseline to 27.5 ± 2.4 (p < 0.001), but some 27% of participants showed a greater than expected rate of cognitive decline (i.e., decrease in MMSE > 0.56 points per year). Lower vitamin B6 status, as measured using pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP; <43 nmol/L) was associated with a 3.5 times higher risk of accelerated cognitive decline, after adjustment for age and baseline MMSE score (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.58 to 7.63; p < 0.05). Correspondingly, lower dietary intake (0.9-1.4 mg/day) of vitamin B6 was also associated with a greater rate of cognitive decline (OR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.28-13.90; p < 0.05). No significant relationships of dietary intake or biomarker status with cognitive decline were observed for the other B-vitamins. In conclusion, lower dietary and biomarker status of vitamin B6 at baseline predicted a greater than expected rate of cognitive decline over a 4-year period in healthy older adults. Vitamin B6 may be an important protective factor in helping maintain cognitive health in ageing. KEYWORDS: B-vitamin biomarkers; ageing; cognition; dietary intakes; one-carbon metabolism; pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP); vitamin B6 Soluble transferrin receptor and risk of type 2 diabetes in the obese and non-obese. Fernández-Cao JC, Arija V, Aranda N, Basora J, Diez-Espino J, Estruch R, Fitó M, Pharm DC, Salas-Salvadó J. Eur J Clin Invest. 2017 Jan 11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12725. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28075490 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1111/eci.12725 Abstract BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the relationship between soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), a biomarker inversely related to body iron stores, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are scarce and inconclusive. Furthermore, sTfR concentrations have been observed to be significantly higher in obese than in non-obese individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between sTfR and the risk of T2DM in obese and non-obese subjects. DESIGN: A nested case-control study of 153 cases of newly diagnosed diabetic subjects, 73 obese and 80 non-obese, and 306 individually matched-controls, 138 obese and 166 non-obese, who did not develop T2DM for a median 6-year follow-up (interquartile range: 3.9-6.5) was conducted using data from the PREDIMED (PREvention with MEDiterranean Diet) cohort (http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN35739639). Cases and controls were matched for age (≤67 vs. >67years), gender, dietary intervention group, and BMI (≤27 vs. >27kg/m2 ). RESULTS: Waist circumference is the main determinant of sTfR concentrations in the whole sample (β=0.476, P<0.001), in the obese (β=0.802, P<0.001) and the non-obese (β=0.455, P=0.003). Furthermore, sTfR is directly associated with the risk of T2DM in obese individuals (OR=2.79; 95% CI:1.35-5.77, P=0.005) and inversely associated in non-obese individuals (OR=0.40; 95% CI:0.20-0.79, P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The association between sTfR levels and risk of T2DM in a population at high cardiovascular risk depend on the presence or absence of obesity. While in non-obese subjects elevated sTfR levels are associated with a decreased risk of developing T2DM, in obese subjects the risk increases. This suggests that obesity alters the relationship between sTfR and T2DM incidence. KEYWORDS: PREDIMED ; Soluble transferrin receptor; body iron stores; nested case-control; obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus [The below paper is pdf-availed.] Protein intake and risk of hip fractures in postmenopausal women and men age 50 and older. Fung TT, Meyer HE, Willett WC, Feskanich D. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Jan 10. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3898-7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28074249 Abstract In this study, we followed postmenopausal women and men aged 50 and above for up to 32 years and found no evidence that higher protein intake increased the risk of hip fracture. Protein intake from specific sources was inversely associated with risk, but these associations appeared to differ by gender. INTRODUCTION: We examined the association between intakes of total and specific sources of protein and hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. Our hypothesis was that a higher protein intake would not be associated with a higher risk of hip fractures. METHODS: In this analysis, we followed 74,443 women in the Nurses' Health Study between 1980 and 2012 and 35,439 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study between 1986 and 2012. Health and lifestyle information and hip fractures were self-reported on biennial questionnaires. Protein was assessed approximately every 4 years with a food frequency questionnaire. Relative risks (RR) were computed for hip fracture by quintiles of total, animal, dairy, and plant protein intakes using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: During follow-up, we ascertained 2156 incident hip fractures in women and 595 fractures in men. Among men, we observed significant inverse associations for each 10 g increase of total protein (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.85-0.99) and animal protein (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85-0.98) intakes. Total and animal proteins were not significantly associated with hip fractures in women. Both plant (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.99 per 10 g) and dairy protein (RR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.97) were associated with significantly lower risks of hip fracture when results for men and women were combined. None of these associations were modified by BMI, smoking, physical activity, age, or calcium intake. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that higher protein intake increases risk of hip fracture in these Caucasian men and women. Protein intake from specific sources was inversely associated with risk, but these associations appeared to differ by gender. KEYWORDS: Diet; Fractures; Hip; Nutrition; Protein Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 14, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 14, 2017 GnIH Control of Feeding and Reproductive Behaviors. Tsutsui K, Ubuka T. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Dec 27;7:170. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00170. Review. PMID: 28082949 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2016.00170/full Abstract In 2000, Tsutsui and colleagues discovered a neuropeptide gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) that inhibits gonadotropin release in birds. Subsequently, extensive studies during the last 15 years have demonstrated that GnIH is a key neurohormone that regulates reproduction in vertebrates, acting in the brain and on the pituitary to modulate reproduction and reproductive behavior. On the other hand, deprivation of food and other metabolic challenges inhibit the reproductive axis as well as sexual motivation. Interestingly, recent studies have further indicated that GnIH controls feeding behavior in vertebrates, such as in birds and mammals. This review summarizes the discovery of GnIH and its conservation in vertebrates and the neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior and reproductive behavior by GnIH. KEYWORDS: feeding behavior; gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; gonadotropins; reproduction; reproductive behavior The influence of genes on the Lifespan of Long- and Short-Lived Families. Kolovou V, Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Kolovou G. Hellenic J Cardiol. 2017 Jan 7. pii: S1109-9666(16)30134-8. doi: 10.1016/j.hjc.2017.01.002. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 28081978 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1109966616301348 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1109966616301348/1-s2.0-S1109966616301348-main.pdf?_tid=8750d5da-da87-11e6-894a-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1484418810_abd002de84262b92f931b41307434891 [The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire Restraint Scale (DEBQ-R) seemed like the most important variable affecting choice of high versus low calorie food.] The influence of calorie and physical activity labelling on snack and beverage choices. Masic U, Christiansen P, Boyland EJ. Appetite. 2017 Jan 9. pii: S0195-6663(17)30028-4. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.007. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28082195 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.007 Abstract BACKGROUND: Much research suggests nutrition labelling does not influence lower energy food choice. This study aimed to assess the impact of physical activity based and kilocalorie (Kcal) based labels on the energy content of snack food and beverage choices made. METHODS: An independent-groups design, utilizing an online questionnaire platform tested 458 UK adults (87 men), aged 18-64 years (mean: 30 years) whose BMI ranged from 16 to 41 kg/m2 (mean: 24 kg/m2). Participants were randomized to one of four label information conditions (no label, Kcal label, physical activity label [duration of walking required to burn the Kcal in the product], Kcal and physical activity label) and were asked to choose from higher and lower energy options for a series of items. RESULTS: Label condition significantly affected low vs. high-energy product selection of snack foods (p < 0.001) and beverages (p < 0.001). The physical activity label condition resulted in significantly lower energy snack and beverage choices than the Kcal label condition (p < 0.001). This effect was found across the full sample and persisted even when participants' dietary restraint, BMI, gender, socioeconomic status, habitual physical activity, calorie and numerical literacy were controlled. CONCLUSION: The provision of physical activity information appeared most effective in influencing the selection of lower Kcal snack food and beverage items, when compared with no information or Kcal information. These findings could inform the debate around potential legislative policies to facilitate healthier nutritional choices at a population level. KEYWORDS: Beverage choice; Energy intake; Exercise; Food choice; Nutrition labelling; Snack choice >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> The effect of menu labeling with calories and exercise equivalents on food selection and consumption. Platkin C, Yeh MC, Hirsch K, Wiewel EW, Lin CY, Tung HJ, Castellanos VH. BMC Obes. 2014 Sep 24;1:21. doi: 10.1186/s40608-014-0021-5. PMID: 26217508 Free PMC Article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511434/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511434/pdf/40608_2014_Article_21.pdf Abstract BACKGROUND: Better techniques are needed to help consumers make lower calorie food choices. This pilot study examined the effect of menu labeling with caloric information and exercise equivalents (EE) on food selection. Participants, 62 females, ages 18-34, recruited for this study, ordered a fast food meal with menus that contained the names of the food (Lunch 1 (L1), control meal). One week later (Lunch 2 (L2), experiment meal), participants ordered a meal from one of three menus with the same items as the previous week: no calorie information, calorie information only, or calorie information and EE. RESULTS: There were no absolute differences between groups in calories ordered from L1 to L2. However, it is noteworthy that calorie only and calorie plus exercise equivalents ordered about 16% (206 kcal) and 14% (162 kcal) fewer calories from Lunch 1 to Lunch 2, respectively; whereas, the no information group ordered only 2% (25 kcal) fewer. CONCLUSIONS: Menu labeling alone may be insufficient to reduce calories; however, further research is needed in finding the most effective ways of presenting the menu labels for general public. KEYWORDS: Exercise equivalents; Fast food; Menu labeling; Nutrition labeling; Obesity; Point-of-purchase International Variation in Outcomes Among People with Cardiovascular Disease or Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Insights from the NAVIGATOR Trial Marilia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos, Abhinav Sharma, Jie‐Lena Sun, Karen Pieper, John J.V. McMurray, Rury R. Holman, Renato D. Lopes https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003892 Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017;6:e003892 Originally published January 13, 2017 http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/6/1/e003892?cpetoc= Abstract Background Regional differences in risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular outcomes in people with impaired glucose tolerance are poorly characterized. Our objective was to evaluate regional variation in risk of new‐onset diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular outcomes, and treatment effects in participants from the NAVIGATOR (Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research) trial. Methods and Results NAVIGATOR randomized people with impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular risk factors or with established cardiovascular disease to valsartan (or placebo) and to nateglinide (or placebo) with a median 5‐year follow‐up. Data from the 9306 participants were categorized by 5 regions: Asia (n=552); Europe (n=4909); Latin America (n=1406); North America (n=2146); and Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa (n=293). Analyzed outcomes included new‐onset diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular death; a composite cardiovascular outcome of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke; and treatment effects of valsartan and nateglinide. Respective unadjusted 5‐year risks for new‐onset diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular death, and the composite cardiovascular outcome were 33%, 0.4%, and 4% for Asia; 34%, 2%, and 6% for Europe; 37%, 4%, and 8% for Latin America; 38%, 2%, and 6% for North America; and 32%, 4%, and 8% for Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. After adjustment, compared with North America, European participants had a lower risk of new‐onset diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.78–0.94; P=0.001), whereas Latin American participants had a higher risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 2.68, 95% CI 1.82–3.96; P<0.0001) and the composite cardiovascular outcome (hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.92; P=0.003). No differential interactions between treatment and geographic location were identified. Conclusions Major regional differences regarding the risk of new‐onset diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular outcomes in NAVIGATOR participants were identified. These differences should be taken into account when planning global trials. --------------- cardiovascular diseasediabetes mellitusrisk factor The Longer, the Better? An Empirical Study of the Extent and Mechanisms of Attenuating Biomarker Associations in Cardiovascular Patient Cohorts. Breitling LP, Mons U, Hahmann H, Koenig W, Rothenbacher D, Brenner H. Clin Chem. 2017 Jan 10. pii: clinchem.2016.263202. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.263202. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28073900 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1373/clinchem.2016.263202 Abstract BACKGROUND: Identifying novel risk markers in cardiovascular patients remains a research priority. Longer follow-up generally is considered favorable in such studies, but associations of interest may become attenuated with increasing follow-up. This issue has not been adequately addressed in the context of patient cohorts. The current study analyzed the extent and mechanisms of attenuating associations in a cardiovascular patient cohort. METHODS: The associations of numerous biomarkers with all-cause mortality were estimated by multiple Cox regression in the Langzeiterfolge der KARdiOLogischen Anschlussheilbehandlung (KAROLA) prospective cohort study of 1204 patients who had participated in an inpatient rehabilitation program after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or coronary bypass operation. Hazard ratios were estimated based on the entire follow-up period (13 years), and after truncation at previous follow-up times (3, 4.5, 6, 8, 10 years). RESULTS: For the majority of markers, a clear and sometimes very pronounced attenuation of the hazard ratios could be observed with increasing follow-up duration. Differential attrition generally was not a sufficient explanation for this phenomenon, whereas further analyses suggested a role for reverse causality for some of the markers. Power analyses showed that the relationship of follow-up duration and statistical power can be counterintuitive in the presence of realistic amounts of attenuation. CONCLUSIONS: The attenuation of estimates of association in patient cohorts is a much more substantial and complex issue than currently appreciated. This has important implications for the design and interpretation of prognostic, as well as etiologic, studies which may be particularly relevant in the case of patient cohorts defined by an initial acute event. Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability and Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Wu C, Shlipak MG, Stawski RS, Peralta CA, Psaty BM, Harris TB, Satterfield S, Shiroma EJ, Newman AB, Odden MC; Health ABC Study.. Am J Hypertens. 2016 Sep 6. pii: hpw106. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27600581 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/ajh/hpw106 Abstract BACKGROUND: Level of blood pressure (BP) is strongly associated with cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality. However, it is questionable whether mean BP can fully capture BP-related vascular risk. Increasing attention has been given to the value of visit-to-visit BP variability. METHODS: We examined the association of visit-to-visit BP variability with mortality, incident myocardial infarction (MI), and incident stroke among 1,877 well-functioning elders in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. We defined visit-to-visit diastolic BP (DBP) and systolic BP (SBP) variability as the root-mean-square error of person-specific linear regression of BP as a function of time. Alternatively, we counted the number of considerable BP increases and decreases (separately; 10mm Hg for DBP and 20mm Hg for SBP) between consecutive visits for each individual. RESULTS: Over an average follow-up of 8.5 years, 623 deaths (207 from CV disease), 153 MIs, and 156 strokes occurred. The median visit-to-visit DBP and SBP variability was 4.96 mmHg and 8.53 mmHg, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, visit-to-visit DBP variability was related to higher all-cause (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18 per 1 SD, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.37) and CV mortality (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.05-1.73). Additionally, individuals having more considerable decreases of DBP (≥10mm Hg between 2 consecutive visits) had higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.99-1.28) and CV mortality (HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.61); considerable increases of SBP (≥20mm Hg) were associated with higher risk of all-cause (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.03-1.36) and CV mortality (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.08-1.74). CONCLUSIONS: Visit-to-visit DBP variability and considerable changes in DBP and SBP were risk factors for mortality in the elderly. KEYWORDS: aged.; blood pressure; blood pressure variability; hypertension; mortality; myocardial infarction; stroke Orthostatic Hypotension in Middle-Age and Risk of Falls. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Windham BG, Pompeii L, Griswold ME, Kucharska-Newton A, Selvin E. Am J Hypertens. 2016 Sep 16. pii: hpw108. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27638848 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/ajh/hpw108 Abstract BACKGROUND: One-third of older adults fall each year. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) has been hypothesized as an important risk factor for falls, but findings from prior studies have been inconsistent. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of the association between baseline OH (1987-1989) and risk of falls in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Falls were ascertained during follow-up via ICD-9 hospital discharge codes or Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services claims data. OH was defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥20mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥10mm Hg within 2 minutes of moving from the supine to standing position. Changes in SBP or DBP during OH assessments were also examined as continuous variables. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 23 years, there were 2,384 falls among 12,661 participants (mean age 54 years, 55% women, 26% black). OH was associated with risk of falls even after adjustment for demographic characteristics and other risk factors (hazard ratio (HR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.54; P = 0.002). Postural change in DBP was more significantly associated with risk of falls (HR 1.09 per -5mm Hg change in DBP; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.13; P < 0.001) than postural change in SBP (HR 1.03 per -5mm Hg change in SBP; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In a community-based, middle-aged population, OH, and in particular, postural change in DBP, were independent risk factors for falls over 2 decades of follow-up. Future studies are needed to examine OH thresholds associated with increased risk of falls. KEYWORDS: ARIC; blood pressure; epidemiology; fall; hypertension; orthostatic hypotension; prospective cohort. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 15, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 15, 2017 Effect of Vitamin D on Endothelial Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Lea Borgi Ciaran McMullan Ann Wohlhueter Gary C. Curhan Naomi D. Fisher John P. Forman Am J Hypertens (2016) 30 (2): 124-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw135 Published: 15 November 2016 Article history https://academic.oup.com/ajh/article/30/2/124/2525927/Effect-of-Vitamin-D-on-Endothelial-Function-A http://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/ajh/30/2/10.1093_ajh_hpw135/3/hpw135.pdf?Expires=1484522589&Signature=VjzTiyTnt088LgFCZIILcTfKloAdyZnjxIAOTmGVOdnQaN6Px1U~RLOos4e8wlkSwIHV8Q5ZrijAxyDMRELhbnhIdYlFW6ehy7ve75w~zikFDPMUsqUSKJONydUl98Vyird4SpOkloQYe0JRQmzEtxgty92hDD~Cz2bO4VMsX1nCg12wuVu6mSXxyg33b1S8CzqpGhyVeHeCE1OZKfEYaaJMcxZVsBB4SYgWvSeGzBLYtwipV3jjzj6rJ~l1RcfauVFMaSR1-xTPYSEoX8biabI9kbPejZSG65fI24~O8rJZsMFRnhXinbw0XNIKi1vk7qEMIXz-QcciYLNM4A1unQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q Abstract BACKGROUND In nonhypertensive individuals, lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) have been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and vitamin D deficiency has been associated with endothelial dysfunction in such individuals. However, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in nonhypertensive individuals has not been examined in a rigorous fashion. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nonhypertensive, nondiabetic overweight, or obese individuals with vitamin D deficiency (body mass index ≥25 and 25[OH]D ≤ 20 ng/ml), we assigned subjects to receive either ergocalciferol (50,000 units) or matching placebo, once a week for 8 weeks. Our primary outcome was endothelial-dependent vasodilation (EDV) measured by brachial artery ultrasound at baseline and 8 weeks postrandomization. RESULTS By the end of the trial, 46 and 47 participants were allocated to receive ergocalciferol and placebo, respectively. Mean 25(OH)D levels increased from 14.9 to 30.3 in the vitamin D group and 14.4 to 17.4 in the placebo. EDV did not change significantly with either vitamin D repletion (from 6.3 ± 3.6% at baseline to 6.1 ± 4.6% at 8 weeks; P value = 0.78) or placebo (7.9 ± 4.7% to 6.8 ± 4.7%; P = 0.17). The treatment effect P value (comparing the 8-week change with ergocalciferol to the change with placebo) was 0.35. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, there was no improvement in endothelial function (measured as EDV) after repletion of vitamin D in overweight/obese nonhypertensive individuals. blood pressure, endothelial function, hypertension, randomized controlled trial, vitamin D deficiency Association between reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with statin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis. Wang S, Cai R, Yuan Y, Varghese Z, Moorhead J, Ruan XZ. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 10;7:39982. doi: 10.1038/srep39982. PMID: 28071756 http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39982 Abstract A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that statin therapy was associated with a risk of diabetes. The present study investigated whether the relative reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was a good indicator of the risk of new-onset diabetes. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register, Lilacs, Food and Drug Administration, and European Medicines Agency databases for randomized controlled trials of statins. Fourteen trials were included in the study. Eight trials with target LDL-c levels ≤100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L) or LDL-c reductions of at least 30% were extracted separately. The results showed that the overall risk of incident diabetes increased by 11% (OR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.20). The group with intensive LDL-c-lowering statin had an 18% increase in the likelihood of developing diabetes (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.28). Furthermore, the risks of incident diabetes were 13% (OR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.26) and 29% (OR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.13-1.47) in the subgroups with 30-40% and 40-50% reductions in LDL-c, respectively, suggesting that LDL-c reduction may provide a dynamic risk assessment parameter for new-onset diabetes. In conclusion, LDL-c reduction is positively related to the risk of new-onset diabetes. When LDL-c is reduced by more than 30% during lipid-lowering therapy, blood glucose monitoring is suggested to detect incident diabetes in high-risk populations. Relationship Between Marital Transitions, Health Behaviors, and Health Indicators of Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative. Kutob RM, Yuan NP, Wertheim BC, Sbarra DA, Loucks EB, Nassir R, Bareh G, Kim MM, Snetselaar LG, Thomson CA. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2017 Jan 10. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5925. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28072926 http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2016.5925 http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2016.5925 Abstract BACKGROUND: Historically, marital status has been associated with lower mortality and transitions into marriage were generally accompanied by improved health status. Conversely, divorce has been associated with increased mortality, possibly mediated by changes in health behaviors. METHODS: This study uses data from a prospective cohort of 79,094 postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS) to examine the relationship between marital transition and health indicators (blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index [bMI]) as well as health behaviors (diet pattern, alcohol use, physical activity, and smoking) in a sample of relatively healthy and employed women. Linear and logistic regression modeling were used to test associations, controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Women's transitions into marriage/marriage-like relationship after menopause were associated with greater increase in BMI (β = 0.22; confidence interval (95% CI), 0.11-0.33) and alcohol intake (β = 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04-0.11) relative to remaining unmarried. Divorce/separation was associated with a reduction in BMI and waist circumference, changes that were accompanied by improvements in diet quality (β = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.10-1.47) and physical activity (β = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.12-1.85), relative to women who remained married. CONCLUSION: Contrary to earlier literature, these findings among well-educated, predominantly non-Hispanic white women suggest that marital transitions after menopause are accompanied by modifiable health outcomes/behaviors that are more favorable for women experiencing divorce/separation than those entering a new marriage. KEYWORDS: body mass index; divorce; health behaviors; marriage; menopausal; obesity; smoking Sex differences in the association of obesity and colorectal cancer risk. Kim H, Giovannucci EL. Cancer Causes Control. 2017 Jan;28(1):1-4. doi: 10.1007/s10552-016-0831-5. PMID: 27878394 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1007/s10552-016-0831-5 Abstract Epidemiological research has convincingly shown that obesity increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, with generally stronger associations observed in men than in women. Evidence from the past several years has demonstrated a divergent pattern between men and women regarding the weight changes throughout life or timing of obesity for CRC risk. For men, weight gain later in life appears to be an important risk factor for CRC that mostly accounts for their generally strong association between adult body mass index and CRC risk. For women, however, early life obesity seems to be more important than adult weight gain in determining CRC risk. A knowledge of these sex patterns may have implications on better understanding colorectal carcinogenesis and may further improve prevention efforts for CRC. KEYWORDS: Body mass index; Colorectal cancer; Female; Male; Obesity >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7. Long-term status and change of body fat distribution, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study. Song M, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Chan AT, Wu K, Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Int J Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;45(3):871-83. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv177. PMID: 26403814 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/ije/dyv177 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although obesity has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), the risk associated with long-term status or change of body fat distribution has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Using repeated anthropometric assessments in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we prospectively investigated cumulative average waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as their 10-year changes over adulthood, in relation to CRC risk over 23-24 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: High waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were all associated with a higher CRC risk in men, even after adjusting for body mass index. The association was attenuated to null in women after adjusting for body mass index. Ten-year gain of waist circumference was positively associated with CRC risk in men (P for trend = 0.03), but not in women (P for trend = 0.34).Compared with men maintaining their waist circumference, those gaining waist circumference by ≥ 10 cm were at a higher risk of CRC, with a multivariable-adjusted HR of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.01-2.49). This association appeared to be independent of weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal adiposity, independent of overall obesity, is associated with an increased CRC risk in men but not in women. Our findings also provide the first prospective evidence that waist circumference gain during adulthood may be associated with higher CRC risk in men, thus highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy waist for CRC prevention. KEYWORDS: Body fat distribution; postmenopausal hormone therapy; sex difference >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Adult weight change and risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Aleksandrova K, Pischon T, Buijsse B, May AM, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jenab M, Fedirko V, Dahm CC, Siersema PD, Freisling H, Ferrari P, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Naska A, Pala V, Mattiello A, Ohlsson B, Jirström K, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Riboli E, Boeing H. Eur J Cancer. 2013 Nov;49(16):3526-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.06.021. PMID: 23867126 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.06.021 Abstract AIM: Weight change during adult life may reflect metabolic changes and influence colorectal cancer (CRC) development, but such role is not well established. We aimed to explore the association between adult weight change (from age 20 to 50) and CRC risk. In particular, we investigated differences according to colon and rectal cancer, sex and measures of attained adiposity. METHODS: We included 201,696 participants from six participating countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (1992-2010). During a mean follow-up of 11.2 years 2384 (1194 in men and 1190 in women) incident CRC cases occurred. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for body mass index at age 20 and lifestyle factors at study recruitment were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, each kg of weight gained annually from age 20 to 50 was associated with a 60% higher risk of colon cancer (95% CI 1.20-2.09), but not rectal cancer (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.79-1.62, P(interaction)=0.04). The higher risk of colon cancer was restricted to people with high attained waist circumference at age 50 (HR 1.82, 95%CI 1.14-2.91, P(interaction)=0.02). Results were not different in men and women (P(interaction)=0.81). CONCLUSION(S): Adult weight gain, as reflected by attained abdominal obesity at age 50, increases colon cancer risk in both men and women. These data underline the importance of weight management and metabolic health maintenance in early adult life years for colon cancer prevention. KEYWORDS: Abdominal obesity; Body weight change; Cancer prevention; Colorectal neoplasms Dietary Protein Sources and Risk for Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Haring B, Selvin E, Liang M, Coresh J, Grams ME, Petruski-Ivleva N, Steffen LM, Rebholz CM. J Ren Nutr. 2017 Jan 5. pii: S1051-2276(16)30179-0. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.004. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28065493 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.004 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Dietary protein restriction is recommended for patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency. Long-term data on the relationship between dietary protein sources and risk for incident kidney disease in individuals with normal kidney function are largely missing. This study aimed to assess the association between dietary protein sources and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants from 4 US communities. SUBJECTS: A total of 11,952 adults aged 44-66 years in 1987-1989 who were free of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A 66-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess food intake. CKD stage 3 was defined as a decrease in eGFR of ≥25% from baseline resulting in an eGFR of less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2; CKD-related hospitalization; CKD-related death; or end-stage renal disease. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 23 years, there were 2,632 incident CKD cases. Red and processed meat consumption was associated with increased CKD risk (HRQ5 vs. Q1: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.42, ptrend = 0.01). In contrast, higher dietary intake of nuts, legumes, and low-fat dairy products was associated with lower CKD risk (nuts: HRQ5 vs. Q1: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.92, ptrend <0.001; low-fat dairy products: HRQ5 vs. Q1: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65-0.85, ptrend <0.001; legumes: HRQ5 vs. Q1: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95, ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSION: There were varied associations of specific dietary protein sources with risk of incident CKD; with red and processed meat being adversely associated with CKD risk; and nuts, low-fat dairy products, and legumes being protective against the development of CKD. --------------------------------------- Table 3. Association of Food Sources of Protein With Incident Chronic Kidney Disease, ARIC, 1987-2012 ========================================= Protein Sources===Quintiles of Protein Consumption*=== - ... ===Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5===P Value for Linear Trend ========================================= Red meat Person-years 51,458 50,381 46,369 50,169 47,151 Events 524 520 515 528 545 Median, svg/d 0.17 0.35 0.57 0.78 1.15 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 1.05 (0.93-1.19) 1.12 (0.99-1.27) 1.12 (0.98-1.27) 1.27 (1.11-1.46) ,.001 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 1.01 (0.89-1.14) 1.07 (0.94-1.21) 1.06 (0.93-1.21) 1.19 (1.03-1.36) .02 Processed meat Person-years 56,652 48,075 47,322 47,079 46,399 Events 554 482 505 514 577 Median, svg/d 0.03 0.14 0.29 0.53 1.00 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 1.03 (0.91-1.16) 1.07 (0.95-1.21) 1.09 (0.96-1.24) 1.25 (1.09-1.43) .002 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.98 (0.87-1.11) 1.00 (0.88-1.13) 0.99 (0.87-1.13) 1.12 (0.98-1.29) .16 Red and processed meat Person-years 50,795 50,096 49,163 48,670 46,803 Events 495 510 521 540 566 Median, svg/d 0.30 0.62 0.92 1.28 1.93 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 1.09 (0.96-1.24) 1.13 (0.99-1.28) 1.22 (1.07-1.39) 1.36 (1.18-1.56) ,.001 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 1.03 (0.91-1.17) 1.05 (0.93-1.20) 1.11 (0.97-1.27) 1.23 (1.06-1.42) .01 Poultry Person-years 60,072 57,204 59,868 18,964 49,418 Events 699 606 624 179 524 Median, svg/d 0.13 0.28 0.43 0.50 0.71 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.88 (0.79-0.99) 0.88 (0.79-0.98) 0.83 (0.71-0.98) 0.93 (0.83-1.05) .12 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.92 (0.82-1.02) 0.90 (0.80-1.00) 0.85 (0.72-1.01) 0.94 (0.84-1.06) .26 Fish and seafood Person-years 51,557 48,650 46,426 49,625 49,267 Events 570 546 501 502 513 Median, svg/d 0.07 0.14 0.23 0.35 0.64 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 1.01 (0.89-1.13) 0.96 (0.85-1.08) 0.86 (0.76-0.97) 0.89 (0.78-1.01) .003 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.98 (0.87-1.10) 0.97 (0.86-1.09) 0.85 (0.75-0.97) 0.89 (0.78-1.01) .01 Eggs Person-years 65,463 37,876 49,151 58,751 34,261 Events 692 400 520 635 384 Median, svg/d 0.03 0.10 0.14 0.43 0.72 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.93 (0.82-1.05) 0.97 (0.86-1.08) 0.98 (0.88-1.09) 0.94 (0.83-1.08) .76 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.93 (0.82-1.05) 0.94 (0.84-1.06) 0.96 (0.86-1.07) 0.92 (0.81, 1.06) .33 High-fat dairy Person-years 48,866 52,059 47,937 50,524 46,064 Events 513 536 501 561 521 Median, svg/d 0.13 0.35 0.57 0.90 1.61 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.95 (0.84-1.08) 0.91 (0.80-1.03) 0.95 (0.84-1.07) 0.90 (0.79-1.03) .24 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.96 (0.85-1.08) 0.93 (0.82-1.06) 0.96 (0.84-1.08) 0.93 (0.81-1.06) .32 Low-fat dairy Person-years 48,236 47,894 42,299 50,024 50,048 Events 603 532 531 493 473 Median, svg/d 0.00 0.22 0.60 1.07 2.04 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.87 (0.77-0.98) 0.81 (0.71-0.91) 0.72 (0.64-0.82) 0.72 (0.63-0.82) ,.001 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.88 (0.78-0.99) 0.81 (0.72-0.91) 0.74 (0.65-0.84) 0.75 (0.65-0.85) ,.001 Nuts Person-years 59,643 39,092 48,463 48,763 49,541 Events 708 415 523 484 502 Median, svg/d 0.03 0.10 0.21 0.43 0.86 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.88 (0.78-0.99) 0.87 (0.78-0.98) 0.78 (0.70-0.88) 0.77 (0.68-0.87) ,.001 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.89 (0.78-1.00) 0.88 (0.79-0.99) 0.82 (0.73-0.92) 0.81 (0.72-0.92) ,.001 Legumes Person-years 56,812 42,547 49,648 53,035 43,485 Events 582 442 556 605 447 Median, svg/d 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.36 0.68 HR (95% CI)† 1 (ref) 0.94 (0.83-1.06) 0.99 (0.88-1.12) 0.96 (0.85-1.08) 0.82 (0.72-0.94) .02 HR (95% CI)‡ 1 (ref) 0.95 (0.83-1.07) 0.97 (0.86-1.10) 0.96 (0.85-1.08) 0.83 (0.72-0.95) .03 ========================================= ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; and svg/d, servings/day. *Protein consumption was estimated using cumulative average intake. For those who developed kidney disease or were censored from the analysis before visit 3, food frequency questionnaire data from visit 1 were used. Otherwise, for those who developed kidney disease or were censored from the analysis after study visit 3, the average of food frequency questionnaire data from visits 1 and 3 was used. †Model 1: Adjusted for age, race center, sex, education level, and total caloric intake. ‡Model 2: Adjusted for variables in Model 1 1 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipid-lowering medication use, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, alcohol intake, current smoker, physical activity index, leisure-related physical activity, total carbohydrate intake, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio. Vascular risk factors in INPH: A prospective case-control study (the INPH-CRasH study). Israelsson H, Carlberg B, Wikkelsö C, Laurell K, Kahlon B, Leijon G, Eklund A, Malm J. Neurology. 2017 Jan 6. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003583. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003583. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28062721 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003583 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the complete vascular risk factor (VRF) profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) using a large sample of representative patients with INPH and population-based controls to determine the extent to which vascular disease influences INPH pathophysiology. METHODS: All patients with INPH who underwent shunting in Sweden in 2008-2010 were compared to age- and sex-matched population-based controls. Inclusion criteria were age 60-85 years and no dementia. The 10 most important VRFs and cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease were prospectively assessed using blood samples, clinical examinations, and standardized questionnaires. Assessed VRFs were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, psychosocial factors, smoking habits, diet, alcohol intake, cardiac disease, and physical activity. RESULTS: In total, 176 patients with INPH and 368 controls participated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that hyperlipidemia (odds ratio [OR] 2.380; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.434-3.950), diabetes (OR 2.169; 95% CI 1.195-3.938), obesity (OR 5.428; 95% CI 2.502-11.772), and psychosocial factors (OR 5.343; 95% CI 3.219-8.868) were independently associated with INPH. Hypertension, physical inactivity, and cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease were also overrepresented in INPH. Moderate alcohol intake and physical activity were overrepresented among the controls. The population-attributable risk percentage was 24%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that patients with INPH have more VRFs and lack the protective factors present in the general population. Almost 25% of cases of INPH may be explained by VRFs. This suggests that INPH may be a subtype of vascular dementia. Targeted interventions against modifiable VRFs are likely to have beneficial effects on INPH. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy: The Tide Turns for a Fish Story. O'Keefe JH, Jacob D, Lavie CJ. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Jan;92(1):1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.11.008. No abstract available. PMID: 28062059 http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)30764-9/fulltext http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)30764-9/pdf >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Alexander DD, Miller PE, Van Elswyk ME, Kuratko CN, Bylsma LC. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Jan;92(1):15-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.018. PMID: 28062061 http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)30681-4/fulltext http://www.healthyliving.gr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/A-Meta-Analysis-of-Randomized-Controlled-Trials-and-Prospective-Cohort-Studies-of-Eicosapentaenoic-and-Docosahexaenoic-Long-Chain-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids-and-Coronary-Heart-Disease-Risk.pdf http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)30681-4/pdf Abstract OBJECTIVE: To conduct meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to estimate the effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA+DHA) on coronary heart disease (CHD), and to conduct meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies to estimate the association between EPA+DHA intake and CHD risk. METHODS: A systematic literature search of Ovid/Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 1947, to November 2, 2015, was conducted; 18 RCTs and 16 prospective cohort studies examining EPA+DHA from foods or supplements and CHD, including myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, coronary death, and angina, were identified. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to generate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) and 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was examined in subgroup and sensitivity analyses and by meta-regression. Dose-response was evaluated in stratified dose or intake analyses. Publication bias assessments were performed. RESULTS: Among RCTs, there was a nonstatistically significant reduction in CHD risk with EPA+DHA provision (SRRE=0.94; 95% CI, 0.85-1.05). Subgroup analyses of data from RCTs indicated a statistically significant CHD risk reduction with EPA+DHA provision among higher-risk populations, including participants with elevated triglyceride levels (SRRE=0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98) and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SRRE=0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). Meta-analysis of data from prospective cohort studies resulted in a statistically significant SRRE of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74-0.92) for higher intakes of EPA+DHA and risk of any CHD event. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that EPA+DHA may be associated with reducing CHD risk, with a greater benefit observed among higher-risk populations in RCTs. Editorial January 10, 2017 Global Burden of Raised Blood Pressure -- Coming Into Focus Mark D. Huffman, MD, MPH1,2; Donald M. Lloyd-Jones JAMA. 2017;317(2):142-143. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19685 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2596278 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1. Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015. JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19043 Free http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2596292 This population epidemiology study uses pooled global health evaluation surveys data to estimate trends in the association between elevated stystolic blood pressure and death and disability between 1990 and 2015. Key Points Question What is the worldwide association between elevated blood pressure and the burden of disease? Findings In studies from 154 countries that included 8.69 million participants, it is estimated that between 1990 and 2015 the rate of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg increased from 73 119 to 81 373 per 100 000 persons, and SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher increased from 17 307 to 20 526 per 100 000 persons. The estimated rate of annual deaths associated with SBP of of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg increased from 135.6 to 145.2 per 100 000 persons, and for SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher increased from 97.9 to 106.3 per 100 000 persons. Meaning Over the past 25 years, the number of individuals with worldwide SBP levels of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg and of 140 mm Hg or higher and the estimated associated deaths have increased substantially. Abstract Importance Elevated systolic blood (SBP) pressure is a leading global health risk. Quantifying the levels of SBP is important to guide prevention policies and interventions. Objective To estimate the association between SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg and SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher and the burden of different causes of death and disability by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015. Design A comparative risk assessment of health loss related to SBP. Estimated distribution of SBP was based on 844 studies from 154 countries (published 1980-2015) of 8.69 million participants. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression was used to generate estimates of mean SBP and adjusted variance for each age, sex, country, and year. Diseases with sufficient evidence for a causal relationship with high SBP (eg, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke) were included in the primary analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean SBP level, cause-specific deaths, and health burden related to SBP (≥110-115 mm Hg and also ≥140 mm Hg) by age, sex, country, and year. Results Between 1990-2015, the rate of SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg increased from 73 119 (95% uncertainty interval [uI], 67 949-78 241) to 81 373 (95% UI, 76 814-85 770) per 100 000, and SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher increased from 17 307 (95% UI, 17 117-17 492) to 20 526 (95% UI, 20 283-20 746) per 100 000. The estimated annual death rate per 100 000 associated with SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg increased from 135.6 (95% UI, 122.4-148.1) to 145.2 (95% UI 130.3-159.9) and the rate for SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher increased from 97.9 (95% UI, 87.5-108.1) to 106.3 (95% UI, 94.6-118.1). Loss of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg increased from 148 million (95% UI, 134-162 million) to 211 million (95% UI, 193-231 million), and for SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher, the loss increased from 5.2 million (95% UI, 4.6-5.7 million) to 7.8 million (95% UI, 7.0-8.7 million). The largest numbers of SBP-related deaths were caused by ischemic heart disease (4.9 million [95% UI, 4.0-5.7 million]; 54.5%), hemorrhagic stroke (2.0 million [95% UI, 1.6-2.3 million]; 58.3%), and ischemic stroke (1.5 million [95% UI, 1.2-1.8 million]; 50.0%). In 2015, China, India, Russia, Indonesia, and the United States accounted for more than half of the global DALYs related to SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg. Conclusions and Relevance In international surveys, although there is uncertainty in some estimates, the rate of elevated SBP (≥110-115 and ≥140 mm Hg) increased substantially between 1990 and 2015, and DALYs and deaths associated with elevated SBP also increased. Projections based on this sample suggest that in 2015, an estimated 3.5 billion adults had SBP of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg and 874 million adults had SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher. Patient-Reported Outcomes Following LASIK -- Quality of Life in the PROWL Studies Alan Sugar, MD1; Christopher T. Hood, MD1; Shahzad I. Mian JAMA. 2017;317(2):204-205. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19323 JAMA Ophthalmology http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2596280 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Symptoms and Satisfaction of Patients in the Patient-Reported Outcomes With Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (PROWL) Studies Malvina Eydelman, MD; Gene Hilmantel, OD, MS; Michelle E. Tarver, MD, PhD; Elizabeth M. Hofmeister, MD; Jeanine May, PhD; Keri Hammel, MS; Ron D. Hays, PhD; Frederick Ferris III, MD JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online November 23, 2016. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4587 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2587831 Abstract Importance Patient-reported outcomes should be collected using validated questionnaires prior to and following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Objective To report the frequency of patient-reported visual symptoms, dry eye symptoms, satisfaction with vision, and satisfaction with LASIK surgery in the Patient-Reported Outcomes With LASIK (PROWL) studies. Design, Setting, and Participants The PROWL-1 and PROWL-2 studies were prospective, observational studies conducted from September 13, 2011, to June 27, 2014. The PROWL-1 study was a single–military center study of 262 active-duty Navy personnel 21 to 52 years of age. The PROWL-2 study was a study of 312 civilians 21 to 57 years of age conducted at 5 private practice and academic centers. The LASIK surgery and the postoperative care were performed based on the usual practice and clinical judgment at the site. Participants completed a self-administered, web-based questionnaire, preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 and 3 months (the PROWL-1 and -2 studies) and at 6 months (the PROWL-2 study). Exposures Participants underwent LASIK surgery for myopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism. Main Outcomes and Measures Visual symptoms (double images, glare, halos, and/or starbursts), dry eye symptoms, participant satisfaction (with vision and LASIK surgery), and clinical measures (visual acuity, refractive error, and slitlamp and posterior segment eye examination findings) were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Results A total of 262 participants were enrolled in the PROWL-1 study (mean [sD] age, 29.1 [6.1] years), and a total of 312 participants were enrolled in the PROWL-2 study (mean [sD] age, 31.5 [7.3] years). Visual symptoms and dissatisfaction with vision were common preoperatively. Overall, the prevalence of visual symptoms and dry eye symptoms decreased, although a substantial percentage of participants reported new visual symptoms after surgery (43% [95% CI, 31%-55%] from the PROWL-1 study and 46% [95% CI, 33%-58%] from the PROWL-2 study at 3 months). The percentages of participants in the PROWL-1 study with normal Ocular Surface Disease Index scores were 55% (95% CI, 48%-61%) at baseline, 66% (95% CI, 59%-72%) at 3 months, and 73% (95% CI, 67%-79%) at 6 months. The percentages of participants in the PROWL-2 study with normal Ocular Surface Disease Index scores were 44% (95% CI, 38%-50%) at baseline and 65% (95% CI, 59%-71%) at 3 months. Of those participants who had normal scores at baseline in both the PROWL-1 and -2 studies, about 28% (95% CI, 19%-37%) had mild, moderate, or severe dry eye symptoms at 3 months. While most participants were satisfied, the rates of dissatisfaction with vision ranged from 1% (95% CI, 0%-4%) to 4% (95% CI, 2%-7%), and the rates of dissatisfaction with surgery ranged from 1% (95% CI, 0%-4%) to 2% (95% CI, 1%-5%). Conclusions and Relevance The systematic administration of a questionnaire to patients who have undergone LASIK surgery is a new approach to assess symptoms and satisfaction. Our findings support the need for adequate counseling about the possibility of developing new symptoms after LASIK surgery. News From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention January 10, 2017 Drop in Preventable Cancer Deaths JAMA. 2017;317(2):128. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19514 Section Editor: Rebecca Voelker http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2596306 Better disease detection and treatment as well as lower smoking rates have helped cut potentially preventable cancer deaths, a recent study reported. However, the data also showed that prescription and illicit drug overdoses and falls among elderly adults fueled an increase in avoidable unintentional injury deaths. Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 15, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 15, 2017 (edited) The Association of Reproductive Hormone Levels and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men. Holmboe SA, Vradi E, Jensen TK, Linneberg A, Husemoen LL, Scheike T, Skakkebæk NE, Juul A, Andersson AM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Dec;100(12):4472-80. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-2460. PMID: 26488309 http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2015-2460?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed& http://press.endocrine.org/doi/pdf/10.1210/jc.2015-2460 Abstract CONTEXT: Testosterone (T) levels have been associated with mortality, but controversy exists. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate associations between serum levels of total T, SHBG, free T, estradiol, LH and FSH, and subsequent mortality with up to 30 years of follow-up. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study consisting of men participating in four independent population-based surveys (MONICA I-III and Inter99) from 1982 to 2001 and followed until December 2012 with complete registry follow-up. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5350 randomly selected men from the general population aged 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 years at baseline participated. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and cancer mortality were the main outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1533 men died during the follow-up period; 428 from CVD and 480 from cancer. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that men in highest LH quartile had an increased all-cause mortality compared to lowest quartile (hazard ratio {HR}, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.53). Likewise, increased quartiles of LH/T and estradiol increased the risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.43; HR, 1.23; 95% CI 1.06-1.43). No association to T levels was found. Higher LH levels were associated with increased cancer mortality (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10-1.84) independently of smoking status. Lower CVD mortality was seen for men with T in the highest quartile compared to lowest (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.98). Furthermore, negative trends were seen for SHBG and free T in relation to CVD mortality, however insignificant. CONCLUSION: The observed positive association of LH and LH/T, but not T, with all-cause mortality suggests that a compensated impaired Leydig cell function may be a risk factor for death by all causes in men. Our findings underpin the clinical importance of including LH measurement in the diagnostic work-up of male patients seeking help for possible androgen insufficiency. A lifestyle intervention among elderly men on active surveillance for non-aggressive prostate cancer: a randomised feasibility study with whole-grain rye and exercise. Eriksen AK, Hansen RD, Borre M, Larsen RG, Jensen JM, Overgaard K, Borre M, Kyrø C, Landberg R, Olsen A, Tjønneland A. Trials. 2017 Jan 13;18(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1734-1. PMID: 28086943 https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-016-1734-1 Abstract BACKGROUND: The prognosis for men with non-aggressive prostate cancer is good, and several studies have investigated the impact of lifestyle changes including physical activity and diet on the prognosis. Despite positive results in animal studies and a few human interventions with whole-grain rye on markers of prostate cancer progression, the feasibility of trials investigating such dietary changes in combination with physical activity remains largely unstudied. The primary aim was to investigate the feasibility of an intervention with high whole-grain rye intake and vigorous physical activity for 6 months in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS: In total, 26 men (53-72 years) recently diagnosed with non-aggressive prostate cancer and on active surveillance, were enrolled in 2011-2012 and randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The intervention included 170 g/day of whole-grain rye and 3 × 45 minutes/week of vigorous physical activity. The duration of the intervention was 6 months and end of follow-up 12 months after baseline. Clinic visits were scheduled at baseline and 3, 6 and 12 months after baseline. Compliance with the intervention was evaluated by diaries, food frequency questionnaires, biomarkers, and heart rate monitor data. The effect of the intervention was evaluated by linear multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: In the intervention group, the mean daily intake of whole-grain rye measured from diaries was 146 g (SD: 19) for the first 3 months and 125 g (SD: 40) for the last 3 months of the intervention. The median level (5th and 95th percentiles) of vigorous physical activity was 91 (17, 193) min/week for the first 3 months and 66 (13, 259) min/week for the last 3 months. No recordings of physical activity were done for the control group. Aerobic fitness (VO2 peak) increased in the intervention group compared to the control group after the intervention. No effects were found on other cardio-metabolic outcomes or prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS: The lifestyle intervention appeared feasible for 6 months among Danish men and the results are encouraging for conducting full-scale studies, where the impact of whole-grain rye and vigorous physical activity on prostate cancer progression and metabolic parameters can be evaluated. KEYWORDS: Feasibility; Intervention; Physical activity; Prostate cancer; Whole-grain rye Substitution of sugar-sweetened beverages with other beverage alternatives: a review of long-term health outcomes. Zheng M, Allman-Farinelli M, Heitmann BL, Rangan A. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 May;115(5):767-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.01.006. Review. PMID: 25746935 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.jand.2015.01.006 Abstract BACKGROUND: Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has become an intractable public health concern worldwide, making investigation of healthy beverage alternatives for SSBs imperative. AIM: To summarize the available evidence on the effects of replacing SSBs with beverage alternatives on long-term health outcomes. METHOD: We systematically retrieved studies from six electronic databases from inception to November 2013. Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of substituting beverage alternatives for SSBs on long-term health outcomes in both children and adults were included. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 50 methodology checklists. RESULTS: Six cohort studies and four RCTs were included in the systematic review with the quality rating ranging from acceptable to high. Evidence from both cohort studies and RCTs showed substitution of SSBs by various beverage alternatives was associated with long-term lower energy intake and lower weight gain. However, evidence was insufficient to draw conclusions regarding the effect of beverage substitution on other health outcomes, and which beverage alternative is the best choice. CONCLUSIONS: Although studies on this topic are sparse, the available evidence suggests a potential beneficial effect on body weight outcomes when SSBs are replaced by water or low-calorie beverages. Further studies in this area are warranted to fully understand the long-term health implications of beverage substitutions. KEYWORDS: Health outcomes; Long term; Substitution; Sugar-sweetened beverages; Systematic review Edited January 15, 2017 by AlPater Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 16, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 16, 2017 (edited) Will Trump promote vaccine refusal? By Dr. Brian Goldman White Coat Black Art LISTEN 00:00 09:02 This week Donald Trump will be sworn in as the 45th President of the United States. He's promised to cancel Obamacare, but some are also wondering how a Trump presidency might affect U.S. vaccine policy. On Tuesday last week, President-elect Trump met with Robert Kennedy Junior at Trump Tower in New York. Kennedy is son of the late Senator and 1968 Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy. He is also a well-known critic of vaccines. Kennedy came away from the meeting with Trump announcing that the President-elect had asked him to lead a panel on vaccine safety. This has not been confirmed by Trump or his spokespeople. Later in the week, a presidential transition national spokeswoman has said that the president-elect would like to a form a commission on autism, but no final decision has been made. USA-TRUMP/Kennedy Jr. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. gestures while entering the lobby of Trump Tower in Manhattan, N.Y. (Shannon Stapleton/Reuters) Critics are concerned that the main purpose of the panel would be to raise once again the fraudulent allegation that that measles, mumps and rubella or MMR vaccine causes autism. In 2005, Kennedy wrote an article published simultaneously in Salon and Rolling Stone in which he stated that thimerosal, a mercury-based preservative once commonly found in MMR vaccine but largely removed from all childhood vaccines, is dangerous to kids. The article alleged that public health authorities knowingly let the profit-driven pharmaceutical industry expose millions of American children to harm, and then engaged in a cover up about it. In an article late last week in Scientific American, Seth Mnookin pointed out that Kennedy ignored a mountain of scientific evidence - nine studies by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and an immunization safety review by the Institute of Medicine -that thimerosal does not cause harm. Because of his rambling and sometimes disjointed way of answering questions, it's often difficult to know Trump's views on vaccine safety precisely. During a 2015 Republican primary debate, Trump linked what he referred to as an "epidemic" of autism to vaccines. In September, 2015, Trump said, "We had so many instances, people that work for me, just the other day, 2 years old, a beautiful child, went to have the vaccine and came back and a week later got a tremendous fever, got very, very sick. Now is autistic." Before he ran for President, Trump accused doctors of lying about vaccines. Here is a tweet he sent on September 3, 2014, which has been posted in the Washington Post: "I am being proven right about massive vaccinations. The doctors lied. Save our children & their future." We also know that Trump has aligned himself with conservatives like Dr. Ben Carson, the paediatric neurosurgeon who is Trump's nominee as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. As Lawrence Solomon pointed out last week in the National Post, Carson has said that vaccines that prevent death or crippling are important, but that there are a multitude of other vaccines that are pushed by big government that don't fit in that category. There are clues as to how the incoming President might change current vaccine policy. Trump has consistently blamed autism on "massive combined inoculations to small children." In one of his tweets, Trump called for a return to single vaccinations spread out over time. Breaking up the MMR vaccine into single vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella sounds like a policy. Another possibility is for Trump and fellow Republicans to make it easier for parents to pick and choose vaccines and to boost the right of parents to object to specific vaccines. The sleeper issue concerns Trump's views on the CDC. Currently, the CDC has responsibility both for vaccine safety and promotion, which some say is a conflict of interest. Vaccine critics want Congress to take vaccine safety away from the CDC and hand it to an independent agency. I could see Trump doing that, and in the process trying to discredit the CDC by claiming the agency is in the pockets of drug companies. These aren't idle musings. There's plenty at stake here. Increasing vaccine refusal lowers herd immunity, and contributes to outbreaks of communicable diseases. A 2016 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association looked at more than 1400 cases of measles between 2000 and 2015. Of those, nearly 60 percent had no history of measles vaccination, which was refused for religious or philosophical reasons. Of roughly 10000 cases of pertussis or whooping cough, between 24 and 45 percent of those affected missed shots. Keep in mind that young infants who are too young to get the whooping cough vaccine are at greater risk of dying from pertussis. A 2010 study in Pediatrics calculated the cost of treating an outbreak of measles at between $10,000 and $15,000 per child infected. If Trump makes vaccine refusal acceptable, they'll be paying costs like that for years to come. Friday January 13, 2017 Is sugar killing us? Author Gary Taubes makes his case Science writer Gary Taubes argues sugar is responsible for more premature deaths than cigarettes. (Gunilla G/flickr cc) Listen 19:51 http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-january-16-2017-1.3934687/is-sugar-killing-us-author-gary-taubes-makes-his-case-1.3934689 A new Ontario study that looked at more than 40,000 products on Canadian supermarket shelves found more than two-thirds of them contained added sugar — including baby foods and products marketed as healthy choices. From glucose and fructose to fruit juice concentrate — however manufacturers name it on the label, science writer and author of The Case Against Sugar Gary Taubes says we need to dramatically change our relationship to sugar because it's killing us. "It's a very distinctive crime — these obesity and diabetes sugar — is always at the scene of the crime," Taubes tells The Current's Anna Maria Tremonti. He argues that obesity and diabetes is not caused by overeating and sedentary lives as suggested by public health officials and health advocates. "It's a biological issue, not a physics issue — it's not an accounting issue," Taubes says. Author Gary Taubes says the argument obesity or diabetes is caused by overeating and sedentary lives is wrong. (Uwe Hermann/flickr cc) "Like everything else in your body the amount of fat on your body is exceedingly well regulated … we didn't just evolve to be able to spill excess calories into our fat tissue." Taubes explains how hormones regulate fat accumulation and foods affect hormonal status. "When you eat carbohydrates and you eat sugar that raises this hormone insulin which works to make you store calories as fat." He goes on to say that sugar — in particular fructose — metabolizes in the liver and points to evidence that a condition called insulin resistance begins in the liver and insulin resistance is the fundamental defect in the common form of diabetes known as Type 2. In a recent New York Times article, Taubes argues sugar has prematurely killed more people than tobacco. He tells Tremonti that in the late 19th century the innovation of flue-curing tobacco would increase the sugar content of tobacco leaves from about two per cent to 20 per cent. In 1913, when the first American blended cigarette came on the market it included the flue-curing tobacco and chewing tobacco that was marinated with a sugar sauce that also had a high sugar content and high nicotine content. "So the lung cancer epidemic that followed the explosion of success of American blended cigarettes was in part largely due to the sugar content of the leaves of the tobacco." "So that's not a sugar industry issue — that's a tobacco issue." "The point is we wouldn't have nearly the deaths from lung cancer and heart disease that tobacco has caused if it wasn't for sugar." Aging and SKN-1-dependent Loss of 20S Proteasome Adaptation to Oxidative Stress in C. elegans. Raynes R, Juarez C, Pomatto LC, Sieburth D, Davies KJ. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):143-151. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw093. PMID: 27341854 http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/143.long http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/143.full.pdf+html Abstract Aging is marked by a collapse of protein homeostasis and deterioration of adaptive stress responses that often lead to disease. During aging, the induction of stress responses decline along with protein quality control. Here, we have shown that the ability to mount an adaptive response by pretreatment with minor oxidative stress is abrogated in aged Caenorhabditis elegans We have identified a defect in SKN-1 signaling sensitivity during aging and have also found an aging-related increase in basal proteasome expression and in vitro activity, however, adaptation of the 20S proteasome in response to stress is lost in old animals. Interestingly, increased activation of SKN-1 promotes stress resistance, but is unable to rescue declining adaptation during aging. Our data demonstrate that the aging-dependent decline in SKN-1 signaling negatively impacts adaptation of the 20S proteasome in response to acute oxidative stress. KEYWORDS: Adaptive homeostasis; Hydrogen peroxide; Nrf2; Protein oxidation; Proteolysis Obesity in Older People With and Without Conditions Associated With Weight Loss: Follow-up of 955,000 Primary Care Patients. Bowman K, Delgado J, Henley WE, Masoli JA, Kos K, Brayne C, Thokala P, Lafortune L, Kuchel GA, Ble A, Melzer D; as part of the Ageing Well Programme of the NIHR School for Public Health Research, England.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):203-209. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw147. PMID: 27492450 http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/203.long http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/203.full.pdf+html Abstract BACKGROUND: Moderate obesity in later life may improve survival, prompting calls to revise obesity control policies. However, this obesity paradox may be due to confounding from smoking, diseases causing weight-loss, plus varying follow-up periods. We aimed to estimate body mass index (BMI) associations with mortality, incident type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease in older people with and without the above confounders. METHODS: Cohort analysis in Clinical Practice Research Datalink primary care, hospital and death certificate electronic medical records in England for ages 60 to more than 85 years. Models were adjusted for age, gender, alcohol use, smoking, calendar year, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Overall, BMI 30-34.9 (obesity class 1) was associated with lower overall death rates in all age groups. However, after excluding the specific confounders and follow-up less than 4 years, BMI mortality risk curves at age 65-69 were U-shaped, with raised risks at lower BMIs, a nadir between 23 and 26.9 and steeply rising risks above. In older age groups, mortality nadirs were at modestly higher BMIs (all <30) and risk slopes at higher BMIs were less marked, becoming nonsignificant at age 85 and older. Incidence of diabetes was raised for obesity-1 at all ages and for coronary heart disease to age 84. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with shorter survival plus higher incidence of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes in older populations after accounting for the studied confounders, at least to age 84. These results cast doubt on calls to revise obesity control policies based on the claimed risk paradox at older ages. KEYWORDS: BMI; Mortality; Overweight; Paradox Midlife Risk Factors for Impaired Physical and Cognitive Functioning at Older Ages: A Cohort Study. Brunner EJ, Welch CA, Shipley MJ, Ahmadi-Abhari S, Singh-Manoux A, Kivimäki M. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):237-242. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw092. PMID: 27271050 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/gerona/glw092 Abstract BACKGROUND: Previous studies examined midlife risk factors separately for old-age impaired physical and cognitive functioning. We determined the overlap of risk factors for both domains of functioning within the same setting. METHODS: Biological and behavioral risk factors at age 50 years and cognitive and physical functioning were assessed 18 (SD = 5) years later in the Whitehall II study (N = 6,316). Impaired physical functioning was defined as ≥1 limitation on the activities of daily living scale. Impaired cognitive functioning was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination score <27. Two statistical analyses were employed: minimally adjusted analysis (for age, sex, and ethnicity) and mutually adjusted analysis (including all risk factors). Missing data on risk factors were imputed. RESULTS: After confounder adjustment, impaired physical and cognitive functioning at older ages were predicted by hypertension (odds ratios [ORs] 1.80 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-2.33 and 1.57 95% CI 1.07-2.31, respectively), poor lung function (1.51 95% CI 1.28-1.78 and 1.31 95% CI 1.08-1.59), and physical inactivity, marginally in the case of cognitive function (1.50 95% CI 1.19-1.90 and 1.27 95% CI 0.99-1.62) at age 50 years. Impaired physical functioning but not cognitive functioning was additionally predicted by depression and higher body mass index (1.72 95% CI 1.46-2.03 and 1.29 95% CI 1.16-1.44, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Several midlife risk factors are associated with impaired physical and cognitive functioning in old age, supporting a unified prevention policy. Analysis of 12 risk factors at age 50 suggests that strategies targeting physical inactivity, hypertension, and poor lung function will reduce impairments in both cognitive and physical functioning in old age. KEYWORDS: Aging; Cognitive functioning; Life course; Physical functioning Safety and Effectiveness of Statins for Prevention of Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in 12 156 Typical Older Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Ble A, Hughes PM, Delgado J, Masoli JA, Bowman K, Zirk-Sadowski J, Mujica Mota RE, Henley WE, Melzer D. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):243-250. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw082. PMID: 27146371 http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/243.long http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/2/243.full.pdf+html Abstract BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on statin risk and effectiveness for patients aged 80+. We estimated risk of recurrent myocardial infarction, muscle-related and other adverse events, and statin-related incremental costs in "real-world" older patients treated with statins versus no statins. METHODS: We used primary care electronic medical records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Subhazard ratios (competing risk of death) for myocardial infarction recurrence (primary end point), falls, fractures, ischemic stroke, and dementia, and hazard ratios (Cox) for all-cause mortality were used to compare older (60+) statin users and 1:1 propensity-score-matched controls (n = 12,156). Participants were followed-up for 10 years. RESULTS: Mean age was 76.5±9.2 years; 45.5% were women. Statins were associated with near significant reduction in myocardial infarction recurrence (subhazard ratio = 0.84, 0.69-1.02, p = .073), with protective effect in the 60-79 age group (0.73, 0.57-0.94) but a nonsignificant result in the 80+ group (1.06, 0.78-1.44; age interaction p = .094). No significant associations were found for stroke or dementia. Data suggest an increased risk of falls (1.36, 1.17-1.60) and fractures (1.33, 1.04-1.69) in the first 2 years of treatment, particularly in the 80+ group. Treatment was associated with lower all-cause mortality. Statin use was associated with health care cost savings in the 60-79 group but higher costs in the 80+ group. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of statin effectiveness for the prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction in patients aged 60-79 years were similar to trial results, but more evidence is needed in the older group. There may be an excess of falls and fractures in very old patients, which deserves further investigation. KEYWORDS: Falls; Fractures; Myocardial infarction; Older; Statins Risk Factors Associated With Cognitive, Functional, and Behavioral Trajectories of Newly Diagnosed Dementia Patients. Jutkowitz E, MacLehose RF, Gaugler JE, Dowd B, Kuntz KM, Kane RL. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):251-258. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw079. PMID: 27129917 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/gerona/glw079 Abstract BACKGROUND: Dementia results in changes in cognition, function, and behavior. We examine the effect of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors on cognitive, functional, and behavioral declines in incident dementia patients. METHODS: We used longitudinal data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center to evaluate cognitive (Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE]), functional (Functional Activities Questionnaire [FAQ]), and behavioral (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire [NPI-Q] severity score) trajectories for incident dementia patients over an 8-year period. We evaluated trajectories of 457 patients with mixed effects linear regression models. RESULTS: In the first year, cognition worsened by -1.518 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.745, -1.291) MMSE points (0-30 scale). Education, race, and region of residence predicted cognition at diagnosis. Age of onset, geographic region of residence, and history of hypertension and congestive heart failure predicted cognitive changes. Function worsened by 3.464 (95% CI 3.131, 3.798) FAQ points in the first year (0-30 scale). Cognition, gender, race, region of residence and place of residence, and a history of stroke and hypercholesterolemia predicted function at diagnosis. Place of residence and a history of diabetes predicted functional changes. Behavioral symptoms worsened by 0.354 (95% CI 0.123, 0.585) NPI-Q points in the first year (0-36 scale). Age of onset, region of residence, and history of hypertension and psychiatric problems predicted behaviors at diagnosis. Cognition explained changes in behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical comorbidities predict cognitive and functional changes. Only cognitive status explains behavioral decline. Results provide an understanding of the characteristics that impact cognitive, functional, and behavioral decline. KEYWORDS: Alzheimer’s; Dementia; Health services; Public health Associations of Guideline Recommended Medications for Acute Coronary Syndromes With Fall-Related Hospitalizations and Cardiovascular Events in Older Women With Ischemic Heart Disease. Peeters G, Tett SE, Hollingworth SA, Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Dobson AJ, Hubbard RE. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):259-265. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw111. PMID: 27384327 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/gerona/glw111 Abstract BACKGROUND: Guidelines for acute coronary syndrome recommend statins, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or renin-angiotensin system blockers, and antiplatelet agents for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The aim was to examine associations between guideline recommended medications and fall-related hospitalizations and cardiovascular events in robust and frail older women. METHODS: 2002-2011 surveys from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health linked with administrative hospital, pharmaceutical and death registry data (2003-mid-2011) were used. Eight hundred eighty-five women (82.7±2.7 years, range 76-90) had prior admission for ischemic heart disease and ≥1 claims for any of the four medication classes. Four hundred thirteen (46.7%) were robust and 472 (53.3%) were frail. Fall-related admissions; cardiovascular event-related admissions or death; and cardiovascular death were recorded. Associations between each of the exposures and outcomes were analyzed using survival analyses with noncardiovascular death as a competing risk. RESULTS: There were 192 fall-related admissions and 314 cardiovascular events including 82 deaths. Using four recommended classes (compared to using one) was associated with increased risks of fall-related admissions (hazard ratio {HR} = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-5.33), but not with cardiovascular events (HR = 1.41, CI = 0.97-2.05) or cardiovascular death (HR = 0.68, CI = 0.35-1.34). Associations for fall-related admissions were stronger in frail participants (HR = 5.46, CI = 1.34-22.30) than robust (HR = 1.37, CI = 0.48-3.95). CONCLUSIONS: In older women with ischemic heart disease, the combination of the four recommended medication classes was associated with increased risk of falls, particularly among frail women, with no statistically significant gain in cardiovascular health. The risks of falls and consequential morbidity in women over 75 needs consideration when prescribing medications after myocardial infarction. KEYWORDS: accidental falls; beta-blocker; ischemic heart disease; mortality.; pharmaceutical therapy; statin Walking Pace and the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Elderly Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Quan M, Xun P, Chen C, Wen J, Wang Y, Wang R, Chen P, He K. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):266-270. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw121. PMID: 27927757 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/gerona/glw121 Abstract BACKGROUND: Data on the longitudinal association of walking pace with the risk of cognitive decline and dementia are inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, researchers conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to quantitatively assess the association of walking pace with the risk of cognitive decline and dementia among elderly populations. METHODS: Eligible studies were searched in PubMed and EMBASE through April 22, 2016. Additional information was retrieved through Google Scholar or hand review of the reference lists from the relevant studies. Prospective cohort studies were included if they reported relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of cognitive decline or dementia in relation to walking pace. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were identified, including 10 studies reporting the RR of cognitive decline (9,949 participants and 2,547 events) and 10 presenting the RR of dementia (14,140 participants and 1,903 events). Comparing the lowest to the highest category of walking pace, the pooled RR was 1.89 (95% CI = 1.54-2.31) for cognitive decline and 1.66 (95% CI = 1.43-1.92) for dementia. With every 1 dm/s (360 m/h) decrement in walking pace, the risk of dementia was increased by 13% (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.08-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides accumulated evidence supporting that slow or decreased walking pace is significantly associated with elevated risk of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly populations. KEYWORDS: Cognitive decline; Dementia; Walking pace; “Meta-analysis” Association of Muscle Endurance, Fatigability, and Strength With Functional Limitation and Mortality in the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Roshanravan B, Patel KV, Fried LF, Robinson-Cohen C, de Boer IH, Harris T, Murphy RA, Satterfield S, Goodpaster BH, Shlipak M, Newman AB, Kestenbaum B; Health ABC study.. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):284-291. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw210. PMID: 27907890 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1093/gerona/glw210 Abstract BACKGROUND: Mobility limitation is highly prevalent among older adults and is central to the loss of functional independence. Dynamic isokinetic muscle fatigue testing may reveal increased vulnerability to disability and mortality beyond strength testing. METHODS: We studied community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Health Aging and Body Composition study (age range: 71-82) free of mobility disability and who underwent isokinetic muscle fatigue testing in 1999-2000 (n = 1,963). Isokinetic quadriceps work and fatigue index was determined over 30 repetitions and compared with isometric quadriceps maximum torque. Work was normalized to leg lean mass accounting for gender-specific differences (specific work). The primary outcome was incident persistent severe lower extremity limitation (PSLL), defined as two consecutive reports of either having a lot of difficulty or being unable to walk 1/4 mile or climb 10 steps without resting. The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: There were 608 (31%) occurrences of incident PSLL and 488 (25%) deaths during median follow-up of 9.3 years. After adjustment, lower isokinetic work was associated with significantly greater risks of PSLL and mortality across the full measured range. Hazard ratios per standard deviation lower specific isokinetic work were 1.22 (95% CI 1.12, 1.33) for PSLL and 1.21 (95% CI 1.13, 1.30) for mortality, respectively. Lower isometric strength was associated with PSLL, but not mortality. Fatigue index was not associated with PSLL or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle endurance, estimated by isokinetic work, is an indicator of muscle health associated with mobility limitation and mortality providing important insight beyond strength testing. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. KEYWORDS: Fatigue; Mobility; Muscle; Sarcopenia; Strength Edited January 16, 2017 by AlPater Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 17, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 17, 2017 Nutritional Considerations for Healthy Aging and Reduction in Age-Related Chronic Disease Julie Shlisky, David E Bloom, Amy R Beaudreault, Katherine L Tucker, Heather H Keller, Yvonne Freund-Levi, Roger A Fielding, Feon W Cheng, Gordon L Jensen, Dayong Wu, and Simin N Meydani Adv Nutr 2017; 8:17-26 doi:10.3945/an.116.013474 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/an.116.013474 Abstract A projected doubling in the global population of people aged ≥60 y by the year 2050 has major health and economic implications, especially in developing regions. Burdens of unhealthy aging associated with chronic noncommunicable and other age-related diseases may be largely preventable with lifestyle modification, including diet. However, as adults age they become at risk of “nutritional frailty,” which can compromise their ability to meet nutritional requirements at a time when specific nutrient needs may be high. This review highlights the role of nutrition science in promoting healthy aging and in improving the prognosis in cases of age-related diseases. It serves to identify key knowledge gaps and implementation challenges to support adequate nutrition for healthy aging, including applicability of metrics used in body-composition and diet adequacy for older adults and mechanisms to reduce nutritional frailty and to promote diet resilience. This review also discusses management recommendations for several leading chronic conditions common in aging populations, including cognitive decline and dementia, sarcopenia, and compromised immunity to infectious disease. The role of health systems in incorporating nutrition care routinely for those aged ≥60 y and living independently and current actions to address nutritional status before hospitalization and the development of disease are discussed. Keywords: nutrition aging chronic disease cognitive decline health care risk factors sarcopenia age-related disease Formation of Fructose-Mediated Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Roles in Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases Alejandro Gugliucci Adv Nutr 2017; 8:54-62 doi:10.3945/an.116.013912 http://sci-hub.cc/10.3945/an.116.013912 Abstract Fructose is associated with the biochemical alterations that promote the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. Its consumption has increased in parallel with MetS. It is metabolized by the liver, where it stimulates de novo lipogenesis. The triglycerides synthesized lead to hepatic insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Fructose-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be involved via the Maillard reaction. Fructose has not been a main focus of glycation research because of the difficulty in measuring its adducts, and, more importantly, because although it is 10 times more reactive than glucose, its plasma concentration is only 1% of that of glucose. In this focused review, I summarize exogenous and endogenous fructose metabolism, fructose glycation, and in vitro, animal, and human data. Fructose is elevated in several tissues of diabetic patients where the polyol pathway is active, reaching the same order of magnitude as glucose. It is plausible that the high reactivity of fructose, directly or via its metabolites, may contribute to the formation of intracellular AGEs and to vascular complications. The evidence, however, is still unconvincing. Two areas that have been overlooked so far and should be actively explored include the following: 1) enteral formation of fructose AGEs, generating an inflammatory response to the receptor for AGEs (which may explain the strong association between fructose consumption and asthma, chronic bronchitis, and arthritis); and 2) inactivation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase by a fructose-mediated increase in methylglyoxal flux (perpetuating lipogenesis, fatty liver, and insulin resistance). If proven correct, these mechanisms would put the fructose-mediated Maillard reaction in the limelight again as a contributing factor in chronic inflammatory diseases and MetS. Keywords: fructose Maillard reaction advanced glycation metabolic syndrome AMPK inflammation RAGE asthma arthritis diabetes Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials Lukas Schwingshackl, Heiner Boeing, Marta Stelmach-Mardas, Marion Gottschald, Stefan Dietrich, Georg Hoffmann, and Anna Chaimani Adv Nutr 2017; 8:27-39 doi:10.3945/an.116.013516 OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE http://advances.nutrition.org/content/8/1/27.full http://advances.nutrition.org/content/8/1/27.full.pdf+html Abstract Our aim was to assess the efficacy of dietary supplements in the primary prevention of cause-specific death, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer by using meta-analytical approaches. Electronic and hand searches were performed until August 2016. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) minimum intervention period of 12 mo; 2) primary prevention trials; 3) mean age ≥18 y; 4) interventions included vitamins, fatty acids, minerals, supplements containing combinations of vitamins and minerals, protein, fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics; and 5) primary outcome of all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes of mortality or incidence from CVD or cancer. Pooled effects across studies were estimated by using random-effects meta-analysis. Overall, 49 trials (69 reports) including 287,304 participants met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two trials were judged as low risk–, 15 trials as moderate risk–, and 2 trials as high risk–of-bias studies. Supplements containing vitamin E (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96) significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality risk, whereas supplements with folic acid reduced the risk of CVD (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.94). Vitamins D, C, and K; selenium; zinc; magnesium; and eicosapentaenoic acid showed no significant risk reduction for any of the outcomes. On the contrary, vitamin A was linked to an increased cancer risk (RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35). Supplements with β-carotene showed no significant effect; however, in the subgroup with β-carotene given singly, an increased risk of all-cause mortality by 6% (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.10) was observed. Taken together, we found insufficient evidence to support the use of dietary supplements in the primary prevention of cause-specific death, incidence of CVD, and incidence of cancer. The application of some supplements generated small beneficial effects; however, the heterogeneous types and doses of supplements limit the generalizability to the overall population. Keywords: dietary supplements meta-analysis systematic review mortality cardiovascular disease cancer Tasting profile affects adoption of caloric beverage reduction in a randomized weight loss intervention. Turner-McGrievy G, Wang X, Popkin B, Tate DF. Obes Sci Pract. 2016 Dec;2(4):392-398. doi: 10.1002/osp4.64. PMID: 28090344 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/osp4.64/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/osp4.64/epdf Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine differences in rates of non-caloric beverage adoption by participants classified as sweet likers (SLs) or sweet dislikers (measured using a behavioural tasting task). METHODS: Data are a sub-study from a 6-month, three-group, randomized weight loss trial (CHOICE) (body mass index 36.3 ± 5.8 kg m-2, 84% female, aged 42.2 ± 10.9 years, 53% African-American) comparing the replacement of caloric beverages with either non-caloric sweetened beverages (diet) or water (water) compared with a control group. This sub-study, which included participants within the water (n = 106) and diet (n = 103) groups only, examined whether SLs (n = 33 water; n = 37 diet) varied in their adherence to caloric beverage recommendations compared with sweet dislikers (n = 73 water; n = 76 diet) over the 6-month study. RESULTS: Diet intake and sweet-liking data collected on 190 (3 months) and 169 participants (6 months) were used for analysis. The interaction between SL status and beverage group (diet vs. water) approached significance (P = 0.06) at 3 months but not 6 months. Caloric beverage intake (% energy) at 3 months was significantly higher in SLs within the water group (9.7 ± 1.4%) compared with SLs in the diet group (5.4 ± 1.0%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that SL status may affect the rate in reduction of caloric beverages when water is the recommended substitution. Future studies should explore tailoring beverage recommendations to tasting profile. KEYWORDS: Beverages; dietary adherence; tasting preference; water Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 19, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 19, 2017 Does selection for short sleep duration explain human vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease? Nesse RM, Finch CE, Nunn CL. Evol Med Public Health. 2017 Jan 16. pii: eow035. doi: 10.1093/emph/eow035. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28096295 http://emph.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2017/01/16/emph.eow035.full.pdf+html?sid=a608e713-cfd4-40bf-b9ca-d92dd31d94f6 Abstract Compared with other primates, humans sleep less and have a much higher prevalence of Alzheimer 's disease (AD) pathology. This article reviews evidence relevant to the hypothesis that natural selection for shorter sleep time in humans has compromised the efficacy of physiological mechanisms that protect against AD during sleep. In particular, the glymphatic system drains interstitial fluid from the brain, removing extra-cellular amyloid beta (eAβ) twice as fast during sleep. In addition, melatonin - a peptide hormone that increases markedly during sleep - is an effective antioxidant that inhibits the polymerization of soluble eAβ into insoluble amyloid fibrils that are associated with AD. Sleep deprivation increases plaque formation and AD, which itself disrupts sleep, potentially creating a positive feedback cycle. These and other physiological benefits of sleep may be compromised by short sleep durations. Our hypothesis highlights possible long-term side effects of medications that reduce sleep, and may lead to potential new strategies for preventing and treating AD. Physical inactivity is a strong risk factor for stroke in the oldest old: Findings from a multi-ethnic population (the Northern Manhattan Study). Willey JZ, Moon YP, Sacco RL, Greenlee H, Diaz KM, Wright CB, Elkind MS, Cheung YK. Int J Stroke. 2016 Jan 1:1747493016676614. doi: 10.1177/1747493016676614. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28093966 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1747493016676614 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1747493016676614 Abstract Background The fastest growing segment of the population is those age ≥80 who have the highest stroke incidence. Risk factor management is complicated by polypharmacy-related adverse events. Aims To characterize the impact of physical inactivity for stroke by age in a multi-ethnic prospective cohort study (NOMAS, n = 3298). Methods Leisure time physical activity was assessed by a validated questionnaire and our primary exposure was physical inactivity (PI). Participants were followed annually for incident stroke. We fit Cox-proportional hazard models to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR 95% CI) for the association of PI and other risk factors with risk of stroke including two-way interaction terms between the primary exposures and age (<80 vs. ≥80). Results The mean age was 69 ± 10.3 years and 562 (17%) were ≥80 at enrolment. PI was common in the cohort (40.8%). Over a median of 14 years, we found 391 strokes. We found a significant interaction of age ≥80 on the risk of stroke with PI ( p = 0.03). In stratified models, PI versus any activity (adjusted HR 1.60, 95%CI 1.05-2.42) was associated with an increased risk of stroke among those ≥80. Conclusion Physical inactivity is a treatable risk factor for stroke among those older than age 80. Improving activity may reduce the risk of stroke in this segment of the population. KEYWORDS: Stroke; aging; epidemiology; exercise; mortality; physical inactivity Alcohol consumption and dementia risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Xu W, Wang H, Wan Y, Tan C, Li J, Tan L, Yu JT. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Jan 17. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0225-3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28097521 Abstract It is widely believed that light-to-moderate alcohol intake may protect against dementia while excessive drinking may instead increase the risk. Nonetheless, these findings need cautious interpretations due to varying methodologies and lack of standard definition, which hindered our transferring into preventative practice. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential dose-response association between alcohol consumption and risk of dementia. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Risk estimates were combined using a random-effect model. Eleven studies with 73,330 participants and 4586 cases for all-cause dementia (ACD), five studies with 52,715 participants and 1267 cases for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and four studies with 49,535 participants and 542 cases for vascular dementia were included. We observed a nonlinear association between alcohol consumption and ACD risk (p nonlinearity < 0.05). The alcohol dose associated with lower risk of dementia was confined to at most 12.5 g/day, with the risk hitting bottom (RR ≈ 0.9) at roughly 6 g/day. Of note, the ACD risk seemed to be elevated (≈10%) when the dose surpasses certain levels: 23 drinks/week or 38 g/day. For the alcohol type, recommendation for wine is prioritized. The subgroup analysis further indicated that the effect of alcohol may be greater in younger adults (<60 years old) with regard to fighting against dementia. Modest alcohol consumption (≤12.5 g/day) is associated with a reduced risk of dementia with 6 g/day of alcohol conferring a lower risk than other levels while excessive drinking (≥38 g/day) may instead elevate the risk. KEYWORDS: Alcohol; Dementia; Dose–response; Meta-analysis ---------------------------- Qualitative analysis In qualitative analysis, we observed a trend indicating a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and dementia (Fig. 2): An inverse association of ACD with light, light-to-moderate or moderate drinking was revealed while the summary RR for heavier dose marched upwards despite with no statistical significance (Fig. 2a) Similar results were also indicated for AD (Fig. 2b). However, we did not identify significant association for VD despite with a nonlinear shape (Fig. 2c). Egger’s regression test provided no evidence of substantial publication bias. https://static-content-springer-com.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10654-017-0225-3/MediaObjects/10654_2017_225_Fig2_HTML.gif Further, we conducted the qualitative analysis for ACD according to the alcohol type (wine [1, 2, 6, 26–28], beer [2, 6, 26–28] and liquor [1, 2, 26–28]) (Table 2). The exposure can be categorized into “current versus never drinker”, “light-to-moderate drinker versus none”, and “highest versus lowest”. It seemed that the protective effects from alcohol only existed for wine (alcoholic beverage made from grapes or other fruits/vegetables) consumption: current drinker (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.48–0.94) or light-to-moderate drinker (RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.39–0.87). Further, we observed an elevated risk for highest versus lowest consumption of beer (RR 1.84; 95% CI 1.01–3.34). We cannot explore the quantitative relationship for alcohol type or the qualitative association between alcohol type and other dementia types because of the constrained data. Also, we explored whether the association between alcohol intake and ACD was influenced by APOE4 status (Table 3). A total of three studies [2, 3, 29] reported the effect size stratified by APOE4 status, among which the case number in study by Kivipelto et al. [29] was too small and thus excluded. We found a roughly 40% reduction of dementia risk for light drinking or light-to-moderate drinking for APOE4 carriers. Otherwise, the non-significant association for APOE4 non-carriers should be interpreted with caution due to a massive heterogeneity. Dose–response analysis Among the 10 prospective studies included in the dose–response analysis for ACD, 6 studies [2–4, 28, 30, 31] used drinks/week, 3 studies used times/week [5, 7, 32] and only one study [1] used g/day as alcohol unit. Consistent with the qualitative analysis, we uncovered a significantly nonlinear association between alcohol consumption and ACD risk (Fig. 3) (pfornon-linearity < 0.05). Several cutoffs were of great value especially in defining the alcohol dose associated with the dementia’s risk. Specifically, we found the alcohol dose associated with lower risk was roughly situated between 0 and 7.5 drinks/week (Fig. 3a) or 12.5 g/day (Fig. 3b) or 2 times/week (Fig. 3c) with the lowest risk (RR ≈ 0.9) corresponding to roughly 4 drinks/week (Fig. 3a), 6 g/day (Fig. 3b), and 1 times/week (Fig. 3c). On the other hand, the ACD risk was significantly elevated when the alcohol consumed surpasses certain cutoff: 23 drinks/week (Fig. 3a) or 38 g/day (Fig. 3b). The subgroup analysis further indicated that it might be favorable for adults aged <60 years old to drink less than 6 drinks/week (Fig. 4a) while for those aged >60 years old, the safe drinking frequency for dementia prevention was ≤2 times/week (pfor nonlinearity < 0.05). Among the four studies eligible for dose–response analysis for AD, two studies [2, 3] reported drinks/week while another two studies [5, 7] reported times/week. We thus cannot conduct the quantitative analysis because number of eligible studies is small. The quantitative analysis for VD was hindered for similar reason. In spite of this, some clues can still be implied: Mukamal et al. [2] reported elders aged >65 years old who consumed alcohol ≤6 drinks/week would have magnificent lower risk of AD. This amount is similar to that concluded by the present analysis for ACD, which is reasonable because AD is the most common type of ACD. Otherwise, Ruitenberg et al. [3] proposed one to three drinks per day as the optimal dose against VD. Zhou et al. [7] found that daily drinking (frequency) can markedly increase the risk of AD or VD. The influence of “optimal” dose range for dementia on the overall health As mentioned above, alcohol consumption was also associated with risk of diseases other than dementia. From the perspective of overall health, assessing whether the optimal dose range (≤12.5 g/day) for dementia is still protective for other diseases is pretty necessary. Thus, we searched the PubMed database using the keywords “dose–response” AND “meta-analysis” AND “alcohol”, and found eleven studies exploring dose–response relationship with other diseases, including heart disease, DM-2, cancer, stroke, and hypertension. By comparison, we identified drinking ≤12.5 g/day was still protective for all diseases above except some cancers, which is also the major source of dispute concerning whether alcohol consumption should be regarded as a safe approach to preventing dementia. (Supplementary Table 3). Prolonged job strain and subsequent risk of cancer in women - a longitudinal study, based on the Danish Nurse Cohort. Vesterlund GK, Høeg BL, Johansen C, Heitmann BL, E Bidstrup P. Acta Oncol. 2017 Jan 17:1-6. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2016.1267399. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28093051 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1080/0284186x.2016.1267399 Abstract BACKGROUND: The role of psychological stress in cancer risk is continuously debated. Stress at work is the most common form of stress and previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding cancer risk. In this longitudinal study, we examined the association between prolonged job strain across six years and subsequent cancer risk. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We used data from 6571 cancer-free women from the Danish Nurse Cohort aged 45-70 years at inclusion, and self-reported questionnaires on job strain at baseline in 1993 and again in 1999. Prolonged job strain was defined as high job busyness and speed, and low control in both 1993 and 1999. Information on cancer diagnosis was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for overall cancer as well as subgroups of virus immune-related, hormone-related, digestive and lung cancers according to level of prolonged job strain. The women were followed from 1 January 2000 until cancer diagnosis, emigration, death or 31 December 2013 (mean follow-up 13 years) and models were adjusted for potential confounders. Effect modification was examined according to working nightshifts and full time. RESULTS: No significant differences in the risk of overall cancer or any of the cancer subgroups were identified in relation to prolonged busyness, speed, influence, or overall job strain. Effect modification by working full time was observed when examining job influence in relation to overall cancer risk, and by working nightshifts when examining job influence in relation to hormone related cancer risk. However, none of the associations were significant in stratified analyses. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence of an increased risk of any cancer among women with prolonged job strain. Since a large proportion of cancer patients perceive psychological stress as a possible cause of their cancer disease, it is of importance to communicate these findings to the public. Association between midlife health behaviours and transitions out of employment from midlife to early old age: Whitehall II cohort study. Hagger-Johnson G, Carr E, Murray E, Stansfeld S, Shelton N, Stafford M, Head J. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jan 17;17(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3970-4. PMID: 28095887 http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3970-4 Abstract BACKGROUND: It is important to determine whether unhealthy behaviours might influence transitions out of employment from midlife to old age, given the anticipated need for adults to work for longer. Our aim was to determine the association between repeated assessments of cigarette smoking, heavy/problem alcohol drinking, low physical activity and poor diet at midlife, in relation to work exit from midlife to old age. METHODS: Data from 7704 participants (5392 men) from the Whitehall II cohort study in employment at midlife were used to evaluate the association between unhealthy behaviours and a subsequent transition out of work during 22 years follow-up, using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Men who smoked cigarettes, consistently drank alcohol heavily, or reported problem drinking, were more likely to leave employment over follow-up. Women with a consistently poor diet were more likely to leave employment. Associations were stronger when the reason for leaving was health grounds, and stronger among those with persistently unhealthy behaviours over follow-up. The size of the effects were broadly equivalent to one advancing year of age on employment. Physical health functioning over follow-up only partly accounted for the associations with work exit, whereas physical and mental functioning accounted for most of the associations with work exit on health grounds. CONCLUSIONS: Unhealthy behaviours in midlife are associated with transitions out of employment into old age. Promoting healthy behaviours at midlife might support current policy initiatives aimed at extending working life. Future research should consider possible mechanisms that link behaviours to transitions out of employment, and consider sex differences in larger cohorts. KEYWORDS: Alcohol drinking; Cigarette smoking; Employment; Health behaviour; Retirement [i was able only to find the first author's thesis as a pdf.] How expensive is a cardioprotective diet? Analysis from the CRESSIDA study. Reidlinger DP, Sanders TA, Goff LM. Public Health Nutr. 2017 Jan 18:1-8. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016003529. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28095936 https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/44633878/2015_Reidlinger_Dianne_0647881_ethesis.pdf Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a cardioprotective dietary intervention based on UK dietary guidelines was more expensive than a conventional UK diet. DESIGN: Cost analysis of food records collected at baseline and after a 12-week dietary intervention of a cardioprotective diet v. conventional UK diet. SETTING: A randomized controlled dietary intervention study (CRESSIDA; ISRCTN 92382106) investigating the impact of following a diet consistent with UK dietary guidelines on CVD risk. SUBJECTS: Participants were healthy UK residents aged 40-70 years. A sub-sample of participants was randomly selected from those who completed the cardioprotective dietary intervention (n 20) or the conventional UK dietary intervention (n 20). RESULTS: Baseline diet costs did not differ between groups; mean daily food cost for all participants was £6·12 (sd £1·83). The intervention diets were not more expensive: at end point the mean daily cost of the cardioprotective diet was £6·43 (sd £2·05) v. the control diet which was £6·53 (sd £1·53; P=0·86). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that consumption of a cardioprotective diet was more expensive than a conventional dietary pattern. Despite the perception that healthier foods are less affordable, these results suggest that cost may not be a barrier when modifying habitual intake and under tightly controlled trial conditions. The identification of specific food groups that may be a cost concern for individuals may be useful for tailoring interventions for CVD prevention for individuals and populations. KEYWORDS: CVD; Diet; Dietary guidelines; Food costs; Monetary costs Protein Intake and Breast Cancer Survival in the Nurses' Health Study. Holmes MD, Wang J, Hankinson SE, Tamimi RM, Chen WE. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan 20;35(3):325-333. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.68.3292. PMID: 28095274 http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.3292 http://ascopubs.org/doi/pdf/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.3292 Abstract Purpose Greater protein intake has been associated with better breast cancer survival in several prospective studies, including among 1,982 women in the Nurses' Health Study. We proposed to extend this previous finding. We hypothesized that protein, essential amino acid, branched-chain amino acid, and leucine intakes are associated with improved survival and that these associations are stronger in tumors expressing insulin receptor (IR). Patients and Methods We included 6,348 women diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancer between 1976 and 2004. There were 1,046 distant recurrences. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were calculated according to quintiles of updated postdiagnostic diet using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models based on follow-up until 2010. Results There was an inverse association between energy-adjusted protein intake and recurrence. Multivariable RRs for increasing quintiles of intake compared with the lowest were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.15), 0.92 (95% CI, 0.76 to 1.11), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.61 to 0.91), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.03; trend P = .02). For animal protein intake, the RRs were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.06), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.02), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.92), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.95; trend P = .003). Neither essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, nor any individual amino acid stood out as being the source of the association. The association also did not differ by IR status. There was no clear association with any protein-containing foods. Conclusion We found a modest survival advantage with higher intake of protein, regardless of IR status. There was no clear mechanism for this association, although it is consistent with prior studies. Our data suggest that there is likely no advantage for women with a history of breast cancer in restricting protein intake or protein-containing foods. Viewpoint January 17, 2017 Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk Evaluation and Management Shared Decision Making in Clinical Practice Nelson B. Watts, MD1; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH2,3 JAMA. 2017;317(3):253-254. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19087 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1001/jama.2016.19087 Fractures due to osteoporosis represent a serious and costly public health problem, leading to disability and increased mortality risk.1 For postmenopausal women, osteoporotic fractures are more common than stroke, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer combined.2 A fracture can be a life-changing event and may represent a significant threat to personal independence. Although osteoporosis is commonly defined as “a skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture,” it is fracture that is the important end result. A more pragmatic definition is “high risk of fracture, due at least in part to increased skeletal fragility.” Primary care clinicians should be comfortable evaluating, preventing, and treating osteoporosis and related risks (Box). Quote Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
AlPater Posted January 19, 2017 Author Report Share Posted January 19, 2017 TrpC5 Mediates Acute Leptin and Serotonin Effects via Pomc Neurons. Gao Y, Yao T, Deng Z, Sohn JW, Sun J, Huang Y, Kong X, Yu KJ, Wang RT, Chen H, Guo H, Yan J, Cunningham KA, Chang Y, Liu T, Williams KW. Cell Rep. 2017 Jan 17;18(3):583-592. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.072. PMID: 28099839 http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(16)31794-6 http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)31794-6.pdf Abstract The molecular mechanisms underlying acute leptin and serotonin 2C receptor-induced hypophagia remain unclear. Here, we show that neuronal and pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc)-specific loss of transient receptor potential cation 5 (TrpC5) subunits is sufficient to decrease energy expenditure and increase food intake resulting in elevated body weight. Deficiency of Trpc5 subunits in Pomc neurons is also sufficient to block the anorexigenic effects of leptin and serotonin 2C receptor (Ht2Cr) agonists. The loss of acute anorexigenic effects of these receptors is concomitant with a blunted electrophysiological response to both leptin and Ht2Cr agonists in arcuate Pomc neurons. We also demonstrate that the Ht2Cr agonist lorcaserin-induced improvements in glucose and insulin tolerance are blocked by TrpC5 deficiency in Pomc neurons. Together, our results link TrpC5 subunits in the brain with leptin- and serotonin 2C receptor-dependent changes in neuronal activity, as well as energy balance, feeding behavior, and glucose metabolism. KEYWORDS: diabetes; electrophysiology; glycemia; leptin; lorcaserin; melanocortin; obesity; patch-clamp; serotonin; thermogenesis; transient receptor potential cation channels [The below paper is not pdf-avialed.] The effects of flavanone-rich citrus juice on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow: an acute, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy, young adults. Lamport DJ, Pal D, Macready AL, Barbosa-Boucas S, Fletcher JM, Williams CM, Spencer JP, Butler LT. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2160-2168. doi: 10.1017/S000711451600430X. PMID: 28091350 Abstract A plausible mechanism underlying flavonoid-associated cognitive effects is increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, behavioural and CBF effects following flavanone-rich juice consumption have not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate whether consumption of flavanone-rich juice is associated with acute cognitive benefits and increased regional CBF in healthy, young adults. An acute, single-blind, randomised, cross-over design was applied with two 500-ml drink conditions - high-flavanone (HF; 70·5 mg) drink and an energy-, and vitamin C- matched, zero-flavanone control. A total of twenty-four healthy young adults aged 18-30 years underwent cognitive testing at baseline and 2-h after drink consumption. A further sixteen, healthy, young adults were recruited for functional MRI assessment, whereby CBF was measured with arterial spin labelling during conscious resting state at baseline as well as 2 and 5 h after drink consumption. The HF drink was associated with significantly increased regional perfusion in the inferior and middle right frontal gyrus at 2 h relative to baseline and the control drink. In addition, the HF drink was associated with significantly improved performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test at 2 h relative to baseline and the control drink, but no effects were observed on any other behavioural cognitive tests. These results demonstrate that consumption of flavanone-rich citrus juice in quantities commonly consumed can acutely enhance blood flow to the brain in healthy, young adults. However, further studies are required to establish a direct causal link between increased CBF and enhanced behavioural outcomes following citrus juice ingestion. KEYWORDS: CBF cerebral blood flow; CT control; DSST Digit Symbol Substitution Test; HF high flavanone; fMRI functional MRI; Cerebral blood flow; Cognition; Cognitive function; Flavonoids; Functional MRI; Juices Flavanone-rich citrus beverages counteract the transient decline in postprandial endothelial function in humans: a randomised, controlled, double-masked, cross-over intervention study. Rendeiro C, Dong H, Saunders C, Harkness L, Blaze M, Hou Y, Belanger RL, Corona G, Lovegrove JA, Spencer JP. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):1999-2010. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004219. PMID: 28065188 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1017/S0007114516004219 Abstract Specific flavonoid-rich foods/beverages are reported to exert positive effects on vascular function; however, data relating to effects in the postprandial state are limited. The present study investigated the postprandial, time-dependent (0-7 h) impact of citrus flavanone intake on vascular function. An acute, randomised, controlled, double-masked, cross-over intervention study was conducted by including middle-aged healthy men (30-65 years, n 28) to assess the impact of flavanone intake (orange juice: 128·9 mg; flavanone-rich orange juice: 272·1 mg; homogenised whole orange: 452·8 mg; isoenergetic control: 0 mg flavanones) on postprandial (double meal delivering a total of 81 g of fat) endothelial function. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery at 0, 2, 5 and 7 h. Plasma levels of naringenin/hesperetin metabolites (sulphates and glucuronides) and nitric oxide species were also measured. All flavanone interventions were effective at attenuating transient impairments in FMD induced by the double meal (7 h post intake; P<0·05), but no dose-response effects were observed. The effects on FMD coincided with the peak of naringenin/hesperetin metabolites in circulation (7 h) and sustained levels of plasma nitrite. In summary, citrus flavanones are effective at counteracting the negative impact of a sequential double meal on human vascular function, potentially through the actions of flavanone metabolites on nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: FMD flow-mediated dilation; FROJ flavanone-rich orange juice; NO nitric oxide; OJ orange juice beverage; RXNO nitroso species including nitrosothiols; WO whole orange beverage; iron-nitrosylhaemoglobin and nitrosohaemoglobin; nitrosamines; Citrus flavanones; Endothelial function; High-fat meals; Nitric oxide; Postprandial state "This work was supported by PepsiCo Inc." Phenotypic factors influencing the variation in response of circulating cholesterol level to personalised dietary advice in the Food4Me study. Kirwan L, Walsh MC, Celis-Morales C, Marsaux CF, Livingstone KM, Navas-Carretero S, Fallaize R, O'Donovan CB, Woolhead C, Forster H, Kolossa S, Daniel H, Moschonis G, Manios Y, Surwillo A, Godlewska M, Traczyk I, Drevon CA, Gibney MJ, Lovegrove JA, Martinez JA, Saris WH, Mathers JC, Gibney ER, Brennan L. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2011-2019. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004256. PMID: 28065180 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1017/s0007114516004256 Abstract Individual response to dietary interventions can be highly variable. The phenotypic characteristics of those who will respond positively to personalised dietary advice are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the phenotypic profiles of differential responders to personalised dietary intervention, with a focus on total circulating cholesterol. Subjects from the Food4Me multi-centre study were classified as responders or non-responders to dietary advice on the basis of the change in cholesterol level from baseline to month 6, with lower and upper quartiles defined as responder and non-responder groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between demographic and anthropometric profiles of the groups. Furthermore, with the exception of alcohol, there was no significant difference in reported dietary intake, at baseline. However, there were marked differences in baseline fatty acid profiles. The responder group had significantly higher levels of stearic acid (18 : 0, P=0·034) and lower levels of palmitic acid (16 : 0, P=0·009). Total MUFA (P=0·016) and total PUFA (P=0·008) also differed between the groups. In a step-wise logistic regression model, age, baseline total cholesterol, glucose, five fatty acids and alcohol intakes were selected as factors that successfully discriminated responders from non-responders, with sensitivity of 82 % and specificity of 83 %. The successful delivery of personalised dietary advice may depend on our ability to identify phenotypes that are responsive. The results demonstrate the potential use of metabolic profiles in identifying response to an intervention and could play an important role in the development of precision nutrition. KEYWORDS: FA fatty acid; Cholesterol; Fatty acid profiles; Personalised nutrition; Phenotypes; Responders Diets high in resistant starch increase plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide, a gut microbiome metabolite associated with CVD risk. Bergeron N, Williams PT, Lamendella R, Faghihnia N, Grube A, Li X, Wang Z, Knight R, Jansson JK, Hazen SL, Krauss RM. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2020-2029. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004165. PMID: 27993177 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1017/s0007114516004165 Abstract Production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a biomarker of CVD risk, is dependent on intestinal microbiota, but little is known of dietary conditions promoting changes in gut microbial communities. Resistant starches (RS) alter the human microbiota. We sought to determine whether diets varying in RS and carbohydrate (CHO) content affect plasma TMAO levels. We also assessed postprandial glucose and insulin responses and plasma lipid changes to diets high and low in RS. In a cross-over trial, fifty-two men and women consumed a 2-week baseline diet (41 percentage of energy (%E) CHO, 40 % fat, 19 % protein), followed by 2-week high- and low-RS diets separated by 2-week washouts. RS diets were assigned at random within the context of higher (51-53 %E) v. lower CHO (39-40 %E) intake. Measurements were obtained in the fasting state and, for glucose and insulin, during a meal test matching the composition of the assigned diet. With lower CHO intake, plasma TMAO, carnitine, betaine and γ-butyrobetaine concentrations were higher after the high- v. low-RS diet (P<0·01 each). These metabolites were not differentially affected by high v. low RS when CHO intake was high. Although the high-RS meal reduced postprandial insulin and glucose responses when CHO intake was low (P<0·01 each), RS did not affect fasting lipids, lipoproteins, glucose or insulin irrespective of dietary CHO content. In conclusion, a lower-CHO diet high in RS was associated with higher plasma TMAO levels. These findings, together with the absence of change in fasting lipids, suggest that short-term high-RS diets do not improve markers of cardiometabolic health. KEYWORDS: HOMA-IR homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; RS resistant starches; TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide; CVD; Carbohydrate; Glucose; Insulin; Lipids; Resistant starch; Trimethylamine-N-oxide [it seems that at least not in all cases is alpha-linolenic acid intake good.] Intake of n-3 fatty acids and long-term outcome in renal transplant recipients: a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Pranger IG, Gruppen EG, van den Berg E, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Navis G, Gans RO, Muskiet FA, Kema IP, Joosten MM, Bakker SJ. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2066-2073. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004207. PMID: 27993180 http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.1017/s0007114516004207 Abstract Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may improve long-term outcomes of renal transplant recipients (RTR). Recent evidence suggests that EPA and DHA have different outcomes compared with α-linolenic acid (ALA). We examined the prospective associations of EPA-DHA and ALA intakes with graft failure and all-cause mortality in 637 RTR. During 3·1 years (interquartile range 2·7, 3·8) of follow-up, forty-one developed graft failure and sixty-seven died. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, EPA-DHA and ALA intakes were not associated with graft failure. EPA-DHA intake was not significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 0·79; 95% CI 0·54, 1·15 per 0·1 energy% difference). ALA intake was significantly associated with mortality (HR 1·17; 95% CI 1·04, 1·31 per 0·1 energy% difference). This association remained following adjustments for BMI, proteinuria and intakes of fat, carbohydrate and protein. RTR in the highest tertile of ALA intake exhibited about 2-fold higher mortality risk (HR 2·21; 95% CI 1·23, 3·97) compared with the lowest tertile. In conclusion, ALA intake may be associated with increased mortality in RTR. Future RCT are needed to confirm these results. KEYWORDS: n-3 Fatty acids; ALA α-linolenic acid; En% energy percentage; HR hazard ratio; IQR interquartile range; RTR renal transplant recipients; Graft failure; Mortality; Renal transplant recipients [The below paper is not pdf-availed.] Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation is associated with reduced height at 13 years of age and higher blood pressure in boys only. Lauritzen L, Eriksen SE, Hjorth MF, Nielsen MS, Olsen SF, Stark KD, Michaelsen KF, Damsgaard CT. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2082-2090. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004293. PMID: 28065179 Abstract Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) in infancy may have long-term effects on lifestyle disease risk. The present follow-up study investigated whether maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affected growth and blood pressure in adolescents and whether the effects differed between boys and girls. Mother-infant pairs (n 103) completed a randomised controlled trial with FO (1·5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA) or olive oil (OO) supplements during the first 4 months of lactation; forty-seven mother-infant pairs with high fish intake were followed-up for 4 months as the reference group. We also followed-up 100 children with assessment of growth, blood pressure, diet by FFQ and physical activity by 7-d accelerometry at 13·5 (sd 0·4) years of age. Dried whole-blood fatty acid composition was analysed in a subgroup (n 49). At 13 years of age, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA, diet, physical activity and body composition did not differ between the three groups. The children from the FO group were 3·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 6·6) cm shorter (P=0·035) than those from the OO group, and tended to have less advanced puberty (P=0·068), which explained the difference in height. There was a sex-specific effect on diastolic blood pressure (P sex×group=0·020), which was driven by a 3·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 7·5) mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the FO compared with the OO group among boys only (P=0·041). Our results indicate that early n-3 LCPUFA intake may reduce height in early adolescence due to a delay in pubertal maturation and increase blood pressure specifically in boys, thereby tending to counteract existing sex differences. KEYWORDS: n-3 Long-chain PUFA; n-3 LCPUFA long-chain n-3 PUFA; DBP diastolic blood pressure; FO fish oil; MAP mean arterial blood pressure; OO olive oil; Growth; Health; Programming; Puberty [The below paper is not pdf-availed.] Dietary calcium impairs tomato lycopene bioavailability in healthy humans. Borel P, Desmarchelier C, Dumont U, Halimi C, Lairon D, Page D, Sébédio JL, Buisson C, Buffière C, Rémond D. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2091-2096. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004335. PMID: 28069089 Abstract Lycopene (LYC) bioavailability is relatively low and highly variable, because of the influence of several factors. Recent in vitro data have suggested that dietary Ca can impair LYC micellarisation, but there is no evidence whether this can lead to decreased LYC absorption efficiency in humans. Our objective was to assess whether a nutritional dose of Ca impairs dietary LYC bioavailability and to study the mechanism(s) involved. First, in a randomised, two-way cross-over study, ten healthy adults consumed either a test meal that provided 19-mg (all-E)-LYC from tomato paste or the same meal plus 500-mg calcium carbonate as a supplement. Plasma LYC concentration was measured at regular time intervals over 7 h postprandially. In a second approach, an in vitro digestion model was used to assess the effect of increasing Ca doses on LYC micellarisation and on the size and zeta potential of the mixed micelles produced during digestion of a complex food matrix. LYC bioavailability was diminished by 83 % following the addition of Ca in the test meal. In vitro, Ca affected neither LYC micellarisation nor mixed micelle size but it decreased the absolute value of their charge by 39 %. In conclusion, a nutritional dose of Ca can impair dietary LYC bioavailability in healthy humans. This inhibition could be due to the fact that Ca diminishes the electrical charge of micelles. These results call for a thorough assessment of the effects of Ca, or other divalent minerals, on the bioavailability of other carotenoids and lipophilic micronutrients. KEYWORDS: LYC lycopene; SR-BI scavenger receptor class B type I; Bioaccessibility; Carotenoid micellarisation; Carotenoids; Lycopene Absorption; Micelles; Zeta potential [The below paper is not pdf-availed.] Association between carbohydrate nutrition and prevalence of depressive symptoms in older adults. Gopinath B, Flood VM, Burlutksy G, Louie JC, Mitchell P. Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2109-2114. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004311. PMID: 28065177 Abstract We aimed to examine the relationship between dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load of foods consumed, intakes of carbohydrates, sugars and fibre, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older adults. Data collected from 2334 participants aged 55+ years and 1952 participants aged 60+ years were analysed. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Depressive symptoms were based on antidepressant use or either the 36-Item Short-Form Survey, which included the Mental Health Index (MHI), or the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 Scale. Participants in the highest v. lowest tertile of dietary GI intake had increased odds of depressive symptoms (assessed by the MHI scale), multivariable-adjusted OR 1·55 (95 % CI 1·12, 2·14). Participants in the highest compared with lowest tertile of fruit consumption had reduced odds of prevalent depressive symptoms, multivariable-adjusted OR 0·66 (95 % CI 0·46, 0·95). Total fibre, vegetable fibre and breads/cereal fibre intakes were all inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with global P values of 0·03, 0·01 and 0·03, respectively. Participants in the second v. first tertile of vegetable consumption had 41 % reduced odds of prevalent depressive symptoms, multivariable-adjusted OR 0·59 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·88). We show that dietary GI and fibre intakes as well as consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. KEYWORDS: BMES Blue Mountains Eye Study; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; GI glycaemic index; GL glycaemic load; MHI Mental Health Index; Blue Mountains Eye Study; Carbohydrates; Depressive symptoms; Fibres; Fruits; Glycaemic index; Vegetables Cheese Consumption and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Tong X, Chen GC, Zhang Z, Wei YL, Xu JY, Qin LQ. Nutrients. 2017 Jan 13;9(1). pii: E63. doi: 10.3390/nu9010063. PMID: 28098767 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/63/htm Abstract The association between cheese consumption and risk for major health endpoints has been investigated in many epidemiologic studies, but findings are inconsistent. As all-cause mortality can be viewed as the final net health effect of dietary intakes, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the long-term association of cheese consumption with all-cause mortality. Relevant studies were identified by a search of the PubMed database through May 2016. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Pre-specified stratified and dose-response analyses were also performed. The final analysis included nine prospective cohort studies involving 21,365 deaths. The summary RR of all-cause mortality for the highest compared with the lowest cheese consumption was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.06), and little evidence of heterogeneity was observed. The association between cheese consumption and risk of all-cause mortality did not significantly differ by study location, sex, age, number of events, study quality score or baseline diseases excluded. There was no dose-response relationship between cheese consumption and risk of all-cause mortality (RR per 43 g/day = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99-1.07). No significant publication bias was observed. Our findings suggest that long-term cheese consumption was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. KEYWORDS: cheese; dairy; fermented food; meta-analysis; mortality CANCER BIOLOGY Tumours slowed by diet tweak Nature 541, 263 (19 January 2017) doi:10.1038/541263e Published online 18 January 2017 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1038/541263e Subject terms: Cancer Metabolism A high-fat diet speeds tumour growth in mice, but this can be counteracted by drugs that lower levels of a metabolite in the blood. Diet can influence cancer survival, but the molecular reasons are largely unknown. Jing Chen at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and his colleagues searched for clues in mice with tumours that carried the BRAF V600E mutation, which occurs in some human cancers. They found that high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets boosted concentrations of acetoacetate — which is made when the liver breaks down fat — in the animals' blood, and that this spurred tumour growth. Treatment with cholesterol-lowering agents slowed tumour growth by reducing acetoacetate levels. Moreover, an acetate inhibitor reversed the effects of a fatty diet on tumours. The results suggest that physicians could one day tailor diets to slow cancer progression. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Prevention of Dietary-Fat-Fueled Ketogenesis Attenuates BRAF V600E Tumor Growth. Xia S, Lin R, Jin L, Zhao L, Kang HB, Pan Y, Liu S, Qian G, Qian Z, Konstantakou E, Zhang B, Dong JT, Chung YR, Abdel-Wahab O, Merghoub T, Zhou L, Kudchadkar RR, Lawson DH, Khoury HJ, Khuri FR, Boise LH, Lonial S, Lee BH, Pollack BP, Arbiser JL, Fan J, Lei QY, Chen J. Cell Metab. 2017 Jan 9. pii: S1550-4131(16)30643-X. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.010. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 28089569 http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.010 Abstract Lifestyle factors, including diet, play an important role in the survival of cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenic links between diet and particular oncogenic mutations in human cancers remain unclear. We recently reported that the ketone body acetoacetate selectively enhances BRAF V600E mutant-dependent MEK1 activation in human cancers. Here we show that a high-fat ketogenic diet increased serum levels of acetoacetate, leading to enhanced tumor growth potential of BRAF V600E-expressing human melanoma cells in xenograft mice. Treatment with hypolipidemic agents to lower circulating acetoacetate levels or an inhibitory homolog of acetoacetate, dehydroacetic acid, to antagonize acetoacetate-BRAF V600E binding attenuated BRAF V600E tumor growth. These findings reveal a signaling basis underlying a pathogenic role of dietary fat in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma, providing insights into the design of conceptualized "precision diets" that may prevent or delay tumor progression based on an individual's specific oncogenic mutation profile. KEYWORDS: BRAF V600E; acetoacetate; cancer metabolism; cancer prevention; cancer risk; cancer therapy; dehydroacetic acid; dietary fat; ketogenesis; precision diet Quote Link to comment Share on other sites
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